{"dataset_version":"2026.07.0","license":"CC BY 4.0","attribution":"GardenTrack plant database (gardentrack.app), CC BY 4.0","crop_count":152,"variety_count":500,"variety_count_held":3174,"variety_selection":{"rule":"The 500 varieties with the highest US monthly search volume for their name.","method":"US monthly search volume for the variety name, exactly as GardenTrack records it, via Ahrefs Keywords Explorer.","measured":"2026-08-25","ties":"Equal volumes are ordered by slug, so the same data always produces the same file."},"scope":"All 152 crops we hold, with their full care data — and the 500 most-searched varieties of 3174, narrowed to the fields a home gardener reads on a seed packet. The deeper per-variety record and the complete variety list are available on request: hello@gardentrack.app.","full_record_contact":"hello@gardentrack.app","withheld":[{"what":"growth stages — what the plant is doing, week by week","count":852,"unit":"rows"},{"what":"the care actions inside those stages","count":1848,"unit":"actions"},{"what":"variety disease resistance","count":370,"unit":"varieties"},{"what":"variety trait tags","count":2024,"unit":"varieties"},{"what":"the parsed days-to-maturity range (the same number in a form a scheduler can read)","count":2222,"unit":"varieties"},{"what":"variety growth habit and determinacy","count":1071,"unit":"varieties"},{"what":"years to first harvest, pollination needs and chill hours","count":872,"unit":"varieties"},{"what":"variety ripening season, mature height and heat level","count":850,"unit":"varieties"},{"what":"the other 2674 varieties we hold","count":2674,"unit":"varieties"},{"what":"weather alert thresholds, watering rates and soil-temperature sowing gates","count":null,"unit":null},{"what":"the frost-relative calendar those stages resolve onto","count":null,"unit":null}],"crops":[{"slug":"amaranth","name":"Amaranth (grain/leaf)","display":"Amaranth","botanical":"Amaranthus spp.","family":"Amaranthaceae","kind":"food_crop","category":"leafy_green","lifecycle":"annual","variety_count":10,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"tender","frost_damage_temp":{"v":"40 °F","min":40,"max":40,"unit":"°F","stg":"chilling","rdg":"threshold"},"fertility":"moderate","soil_ph":{"v":"5.5–7","min":5.5,"max":7,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"6–18 in","min":6,"max":18,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"8–18 in","min":8,"max":18,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"0.125–0.5 in","min":0.125,"max":0.5,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"30–120 days","min":30,"max":120,"unit":"days","basis":"seed","by_basis":{"seed":{"v":"30–120 days","min":30,"max":120}}},"mature_height":{"v":"1.5–7 ft","min":18,"max":84,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"1–2 ft","min":12,"max":24,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"1–3 gal","min":1,"max":3,"unit":"gal","rm":"min_to_recommended"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost":{"max":21,"min":7},"days_to_germination":7},"harvest_cues":["rapid_leaf_growth"],"propagation":["direct_sow"],"pests":["aphids","flea_beetles","tarnished_plant_bug","amaranth_weevil"],"diseases":["damping_off","root_rot","phytophthora_blight","bacterial_leaf_spot","white_rust"],"edible_parts":["leaf","seed"],"searched":["frost_kill_temp"],"searched_why":{"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"University of Florida IFAS Extension states this crop's frost_damage_temp (40 F, chilling) and states NO separate temperature at which the plant is lost, and no other publication read in the 2026-08-05 sweep across twelve extension URL families supplies one. That is the normal shape outside the critical-temperature tables: those tables print a 10% and a 90% column together, which is where every paired record we hold comes from, and an ordinary crop page names one threshold or the other. LEAVING THIS EMPTY IS THE CORRECT OUTCOME, not a gap to fill later by inference. The two fields are read as a pair, so a guessed kill figure would manufacture a safety margin nobody measured — and the engine would print that margin to a gardener as if it were a fact. Where the crop is lost outright below the damage point, its frost_sensitivity class already says so and the alert already fires from it.","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":6,"orgs":["NC State Extension","Texas A&M AgriLife Extension","UW-Madison Corn Agronomy (Alternative Field Crops Manual)","University of Florida IFAS Extension","University of Nevada, Reno Extension"]},"varieties":[{"slug":"hopi-red-dye-amaranth","name":"Hopi Red Dye Amaranth","variety_type":"ornamental","color":["red"],"heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"90","dtm_basis":"seed"},{"slug":"love-lies-bleeding-amaranth","name":"Love Lies Bleeding Amaranth","variety_type":"ornamental","color":["red"],"heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"65–75","dtm_basis":"seed"}]},{"slug":"anise-hyssop","name":"Anise Hyssop","display":"Anise Hyssop","botanical":"Agastache foeniculum","family":"Lamiaceae","kind":"herb","category":"herb","lifecycle":"perennial","variety_count":5,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"low","frost_sensitivity":"very_hardy","fertility":"low","zones":{"v":"4–8","min":4,"max":8,"unit":"usda_zone"},"soil_ph":{"v":"6–7.5","min":6,"max":7.5,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["loam","sandy","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"12–36 in","min":12,"max":36,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"24–36 in","min":24,"max":36,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"0–0.125 in","min":0,"max":0.125,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"60–80 days","min":60,"max":80,"unit":"days","basis":"transplant","by_basis":{"seed":{"v":"90–120 days","min":90,"max":120},"transplant":{"v":"60–80 days","min":60,"max":80}}},"mature_height":{"v":"2–4 ft","min":24,"max":48,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"1.5–3 ft","min":18,"max":36,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"2–5 gal","min":2,"max":5,"unit":"gal","rm":"min_to_recommended"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"start_indoors_weeks_before_last_frost":{"max":10,"min":8},"transplant_days_after_last_frost":{"max":14,"min":0},"direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost":{"max":0,"min":-14},"days_to_germination":{"max":28,"min":7}},"harvest_cues":["rapid_leaf_growth","first_flowers"],"propagation":["seed","division","cutting"],"pests":["aphids","spider_mites"],"diseases":["root_rot","powdery_mildew","leaf_spot","rust"],"edible_parts":["leaf","flower","seed"],"searched":["frost_damage_temp","frost_kill_temp"],"searched_why":{"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"Read the NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox entry for this species in full (https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/agastache-foeniculum/) and it states no cold-damage or cold-kill temperature — like every toolbox entry it gives a USDA hardiness ZONE range instead, which we already hold as hardiness_zone_min and hardiness_zone_max. That follows eleven other extension URL families swept for this crop on the same day (Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA, Missouri Botanical) which returned no page for it or no figure on the page. Across 150-plus verified-genuine pages the whole sweep produced two usable figures, and that IS the finding: extension publishes a hardiness class or zone for ordinary garden plants and reserves per-crop temperatures for critical-temperature tables — tree fruit at bloom, berries at bloom, citrus in winter, a few chilling-sensitive tropicals. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the frost alert already runs on it. Every page here was verified to be about this plant before being read, after this sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md).","searched":"2026-08-05"},"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Read the NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox entry for this species in full (https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/agastache-foeniculum/) and it states no cold-damage or cold-kill temperature — like every toolbox entry it gives a USDA hardiness ZONE range instead, which we already hold as hardiness_zone_min and hardiness_zone_max. That follows eleven other extension URL families swept for this crop on the same day (Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA, Missouri Botanical) which returned no page for it or no figure on the page. Across 150-plus verified-genuine pages the whole sweep produced two usable figures, and that IS the finding: extension publishes a hardiness class or zone for ordinary garden plants and reserves per-crop temperatures for critical-temperature tables — tree fruit at bloom, berries at bloom, citrus in winter, a few chilling-sensitive tropicals. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the frost alert already runs on it. Every page here was verified to be about this plant before being read, after this sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md).","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":4,"orgs":["Missouri Botanical Garden","NC State Extension","Penn State Extension","University of Wisconsin-Madison Division of Extension"]},"varieties":[]},{"slug":"annual-ryegrass","name":"Annual Ryegrass","display":"Annual Ryegrass","botanical":"Lolium multiflorum","family":"Poaceae","kind":"cover_crop","category":"cover_crop","lifecycle":"annual","variety_count":4,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"high","frost_sensitivity":"half_hardy","fertility":"heavy","soil_ph":{"v":"6–7","min":6,"max":7,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["loam","sandy_loam","clay","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"1–2 in","min":1,"max":2,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"6–8 in","min":6,"max":8,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"0.25–0.5 in","min":0.25,"max":0.5,"unit":"in"},"mature_height":{"v":"1–3 ft","min":12,"max":36,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"8–10 in","min":8,"max":10,"unit":"in"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost":{"max":0,"min":-21},"days_to_germination":{"max":10,"min":5}},"harvest_cues":["first_flowers"],"propagation":["direct_sow"],"pests":["wireworms","armyworms","green_june_beetles"],"diseases":["crown_rust","stem_rust","gray_snow_mold"],"searched":["frost_damage_temp","frost_kill_temp"],"searched_why":{"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"Read the SARE \"Managing Cover Crops Profitably\" chapter for this crop end to end — the same publication that gives hairy vetch its 5 F stand-kill figure, so the shape of statement we want demonstrably appears in this series. It is not there for this crop. The cereal rye chapter's only Fahrenheit figures are a 34 F germination floor and a 38-40 F growth threshold; the oats, crimson clover and annual ryegrass chapters contain no Fahrenheit figure at all. SARE and the extension guides describe winterkill for these crops in USDA hardiness zones and in phrases like \"prolonged freezing temperatures\", and are explicit that whether a stand winterkills depends on growth stage and snow cover as much as on the low — which is a fair reason no single number is published.","searched":"2026-08-05"},"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Read the SARE \"Managing Cover Crops Profitably\" chapter for this crop end to end — the same publication that gives hairy vetch its 5 F stand-kill figure, so the shape of statement we want demonstrably appears in this series. It is not there for this crop. The cereal rye chapter's only Fahrenheit figures are a 34 F germination floor and a 38-40 F growth threshold; the oats, crimson clover and annual ryegrass chapters contain no Fahrenheit figure at all. SARE and the extension guides describe winterkill for these crops in USDA hardiness zones and in phrases like \"prolonged freezing temperatures\", and are explicit that whether a stand winterkills depends on growth stage and snow cover as much as on the low — which is a fair reason no single number is published.","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":7,"orgs":["Iowa State University Extension and Outreach","LSU AgCenter","Mississippi State University Extension Service","NC State Extension","Ohio State University Extension (Ohioline)","SARE (Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education)","USDA NRCS (Natural Resources Conservation Service)"]},"varieties":[]},{"slug":"apple","name":"Apple","display":"Apple","botanical":"Malus domestica","family":"Rosaceae","kind":"fruit_tree","category":"fruit","lifecycle":"perennial","variety_count":59,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"hardy","frost_damage_temp":{"v":"28 °F","min":28,"max":28,"unit":"°F","stg":"bloom","rdg":"threshold"},"frost_kill_temp":{"v":"25 °F","min":25,"max":25,"unit":"°F","stg":"bloom","rdg":"threshold"},"fertility":"moderate","zones":{"v":"4–9","min":4,"max":9,"unit":"usda_zone"},"soil_ph":{"v":"5.8–7","min":5.8,"max":7,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["loam","sandy","clay","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"72–300 in","min":72,"max":300,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"96–360 in","min":96,"max":360,"unit":"in"},"spacing_dwarf":{"v":"72–96 in","min":72,"max":96,"unit":"in"},"spacing_semi_dwarf":{"v":"144–180 in","min":144,"max":180,"unit":"in"},"spacing_standard":{"v":"240–300 in","min":240,"max":300,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"At soil level","min":0,"max":0,"unit":"in"},"years_to_harvest":{"v":"2–8 yr","min":2,"max":8,"unit":"yr","as":"grafted"},"chill_hours":{"v":"200–1100 hrs","min":200,"max":1100,"unit":"hrs"},"pollination":"needs_pollinizer","mature_height":{"v":"8–40 ft","min":96,"max":480,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"8–30 ft","min":96,"max":360,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"20 gal","min":20,"max":20,"unit":"gal"},"needs_support":true,"timing":{"transplant_days_after_last_frost":{"max":14,"min":-28}},"harvest_cues":["fruit_coloring"],"propagation":["grafting","budding","transplant"],"pests":["codling_moth","aphids","spider_mites","scale","fruitworm"],"diseases":["apple_scab","fire_blight","cedar_apple_rust","powdery_mildew","black_rot","bitter_rot","sooty_blotch_apple"],"edible_parts":["fruit"],"pet_toxicity":["toxic_to_dogs","toxic_to_cats","toxic_to_horses"],"sources":{"count":10,"orgs":["ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center","Alabama Cooperative Extension System","Clemson Cooperative Extension, Home & Garden Information Center","Michigan State University Extension","Mississippi State University Extension","NC State Extension","University of Maryland Extension","University of Minnesota Extension","Utah State University Extension"]},"varieties":[{"slug":"akane-apple","name":"Akane Apple","color":["red"]},{"slug":"anna-apple","name":"Anna Apple"},{"slug":"arkansas-black-apple","name":"Arkansas Black Apple","color":["purple"],"heirloom":true},{"slug":"baldwin-apple","name":"Baldwin Apple","color":["red"],"size":"large","heirloom":true},{"slug":"black-oxford-apple","name":"Black Oxford Apple","color":["purple"],"size":"medium","heirloom":true},{"slug":"braeburn-apple","name":"Braeburn Apple"},{"slug":"cortland-apple","name":"Cortland Apple","size":"large","heirloom":true},{"slug":"crimson-crisp-apple","name":"Crimson Crisp Apple","size":"medium"},{"slug":"dorsett-golden-apple","name":"Dorsett Golden Apple"},{"slug":"empire-apple","name":"Empire Apple"},{"slug":"enterprise-apple","name":"Enterprise Apple","size":"large"},{"slug":"fuji-apple","name":"Fuji Apple","color":["red"]},{"slug":"gala-apple","name":"Gala Apple","color":["bicolor"]},{"slug":"ginger-gold-apple","name":"Ginger Gold Apple","size":"medium"},{"slug":"golden-delicious-apple","name":"Golden Delicious Apple","heirloom":true},{"slug":"goldrush-apple","name":"GoldRush Apple"},{"slug":"granny-smith-apple","name":"Granny Smith Apple","color":["green"],"heirloom":true},{"slug":"gravenstein-apple","name":"Gravenstein Apple","variety_type":"cooking","color":["green"],"heirloom":true},{"slug":"haralson-apple","name":"Haralson Apple","variety_type":"dual_purpose","heirloom":true},{"slug":"honeycrisp-apple","name":"Honeycrisp Apple"},{"slug":"jonagold-apple","name":"Jonagold Apple","color":["bicolor"]},{"slug":"jonathan-apple","name":"Jonathan Apple","size":"medium","heirloom":true},{"slug":"liberty-apple","name":"Liberty Apple"},{"slug":"mcintosh-apple","name":"McIntosh Apple","color":["bicolor"],"heirloom":true},{"slug":"mutsu-apple","name":"Mutsu Apple","size":"very_large","heirloom":true},{"slug":"northern-spy-apple","name":"Northern Spy Apple","color":["bicolor"],"size":"large","heirloom":true},{"slug":"pink-lady-apple","name":"Pink Lady Apple","color":["bicolor"]},{"slug":"red-delicious-apple","name":"Red Delicious Apple","heirloom":true},{"slug":"spartan-apple","name":"Spartan Apple","color":["red"],"heirloom":true},{"slug":"sweetango-apple","name":"SweeTango Apple","variety_type":"dessert","color":["bicolor"]},{"slug":"winesap-apple","name":"Winesap Apple","color":["red"],"size":"large","heirloom":true},{"slug":"wolf-river-apple","name":"Wolf River Apple","size":"very_large","heirloom":true}]},{"slug":"apricot","name":"Apricot","display":"Apricot","botanical":"Prunus armeniaca","family":"Rosaceae","kind":"fruit_tree","category":"fruit","lifecycle":"perennial","variety_count":24,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"hardy","frost_damage_temp":{"v":"27 °F","min":27,"max":27,"unit":"°F","stg":"bloom","rdg":"threshold"},"frost_kill_temp":{"v":"22 °F","min":22,"max":22,"unit":"°F","stg":"bloom","rdg":"threshold"},"fertility":"moderate","zones":{"v":"4–8","min":4,"max":8,"unit":"usda_zone"},"soil_ph":{"v":"6–7","min":6,"max":7,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["sandy_loam","loam","sandy","clay","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"216–264 in","min":216,"max":264,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"216–264 in","min":216,"max":264,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"At soil level","min":0,"max":0,"unit":"in"},"years_to_harvest":{"v":"2–5 yr","min":2,"max":5,"unit":"yr","as":"grafted"},"chill_hours":{"v":"600–900 hrs","min":600,"max":900,"unit":"hrs"},"pollination":"self_fertile","mature_height":{"v":"20–40 ft","min":240,"max":480,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"20–40 ft","min":240,"max":480,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"15–25 gal","min":15,"max":25,"unit":"gal","rm":"min_to_recommended"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"transplant_days_after_last_frost":{"max":14,"min":-28}},"harvest_cues":["fruit_coloring"],"propagation":["grafting","budding"],"pests":["peachtree_borer","peach_twig_borer","aphids","spider_mites","san_jose_scale","plum_curculio","leafrollers","japanese_beetle","brown_marmorated_stink_bug"],"diseases":["brown_rot","shot_hole","cytospora_canker","bacterial_canker","stone_fruit_bacterial_spot","powdery_mildew","silver_leaf"],"edible_parts":["fruit"],"human_toxicity":["toxic_seeds"],"pet_toxicity":["toxic_to_dogs","toxic_to_cats","toxic_to_horses"],"sources":{"count":12,"orgs":["ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center","Michigan State University Extension","North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox","UC Marin Master Gardeners","UC Statewide IPM Program","UConn Home & Garden Education Center","University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources","University of California Cooperative Extension (UC Marin Master Gardeners)","Utah State University Extension","Washington State University Hortsense"]},"varieties":[{"slug":"moorpark-apricot","name":"Moorpark Apricot","variety_type":"freestone","color":["yellow"],"size":"large","heirloom":true}]},{"slug":"artichoke","name":"Globe artichoke","display":"Globe artichoke","botanical":"Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus","family":"Asteraceae","kind":"food_crop","category":"flowering_vegetable","lifecycle":"perennial","variety_count":9,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"half_hardy","fertility":"moderate","zones":{"v":"7–10","min":7,"max":10,"unit":"usda_zone"},"soil_ph":{"v":"6.5–8","min":6.5,"max":8,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["loam","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"18–36 in","min":18,"max":36,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"24–36 in","min":24,"max":36,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"0.25 in","min":0.25,"max":0.25,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"75–90 days","min":75,"max":90,"unit":"days","basis":"transplant","by_basis":{"transplant":{"v":"75–90 days","min":75,"max":90}}},"years_to_harvest":{"v":"0–2 yr","min":0,"max":2,"unit":"yr"},"chill_hours":{"v":"250–500 hrs","min":250,"max":500,"unit":"hrs"},"mature_height":{"v":"3–5 ft","min":36,"max":60,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"2–3 ft","min":24,"max":36,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"5–15 gal","min":5,"max":15,"unit":"gal","rm":"size_band"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"start_indoors_weeks_before_last_frost":{"max":12,"min":8},"transplant_days_after_last_frost":{"max":-21,"min":-28},"days_to_germination":{"max":12,"min":8}},"harvest_cues":["flower_buds"],"propagation":["transplant","division"],"pests":["aphids","artichoke_plume_moth","snails","slugs"],"diseases":["curly_dwarf_virus","gray_mold","bacterial_crown_rot","powdery_mildew","verticillium_wilt"],"edible_parts":["flower"],"searched":["frost_damage_temp","frost_kill_temp"],"searched_why":{"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"Read Utah State University Extension's own page for this crop in full (https://extension.usu.edu/yardandgarden/research/artichoke-in-the-garden) — the page series that supplied the broccoli, cabbage, celery, radicchio and kale figures we do hold — and it publishes NO cold-tolerance temperature for this crop. Its only Fahrenheit figures are sowing soil minimums, germination optima, heat ceilings and post-harvest storage. Also read three multi-crop references: Michigan State's fall-vegetable freeze-damage guide, Oregon State's cold-hardy vegetable list and Iowa State's cold-and-freeze-damage page. All three sort crops into hardiness CATEGORIES (hard-frost-hardy under 28 F, light-frost-hardy 28-32 F, light-frost-susceptible) and none states a per-crop temperature. We already hold that category as frost_sensitivity, so copying a band edge in here would restate the class as if it were a measurement. The extensions also disagree about which band some crops belong in, which is the clearest sign the band is a judgment rather than a figure.","searched":"2026-08-05"},"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Read Utah State University Extension's own page for this crop in full (https://extension.usu.edu/yardandgarden/research/artichoke-in-the-garden) — the page series that supplied the broccoli, cabbage, celery, radicchio and kale figures we do hold — and it publishes NO cold-tolerance temperature for this crop. Its only Fahrenheit figures are sowing soil minimums, germination optima, heat ceilings and post-harvest storage. Also read three multi-crop references: Michigan State's fall-vegetable freeze-damage guide, Oregon State's cold-hardy vegetable list and Iowa State's cold-and-freeze-damage page. All three sort crops into hardiness CATEGORIES (hard-frost-hardy under 28 F, light-frost-hardy 28-32 F, light-frost-susceptible) and none states a per-crop temperature. We already hold that category as frost_sensitivity, so copying a band edge in here would restate the class as if it were a measurement. The extensions also disagree about which band some crops belong in, which is the clearest sign the band is a judgment rather than a figure.","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":7,"orgs":["Cornell University Garden-Based Learning","Johnny's Selected Seeds","Missouri Botanical Garden","NC State Extension","University of California Statewide IPM Program","University of Maine Cooperative Extension","Utah State University Extension"]},"varieties":[]},{"slug":"arugula","name":"Arugula (rocket)","display":"Arugula","botanical":"Eruca sativa","family":"Brassicaceae","kind":"food_crop","category":"leafy_green","lifecycle":"annual","variety_count":8,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"half_hardy","fertility":"moderate","soil_ph":{"v":"6–6.5","min":6,"max":6.5,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["loam","sandy","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"3–12 in","min":3,"max":12,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"15–24 in","min":15,"max":24,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"0.25–0.5 in","min":0.25,"max":0.5,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"21–60 days","min":21,"max":60,"unit":"days","basis":"seed","by_basis":{"seed":{"v":"21–60 days","min":21,"max":60}}},"mature_height":{"v":"0.7–3 ft","min":8,"max":36,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"8–18 in","min":8,"max":18,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"1 gal","min":1,"max":1,"unit":"gal"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost":{"max":-14,"min":-28},"days_to_germination":{"max":7,"min":5}},"harvest_cues":["rapid_leaf_growth"],"propagation":["direct_sow"],"pests":["flea_beetles","aphids"],"diseases":["bacterial_leaf_spot","powdery_mildew","downy_mildew"],"edible_parts":["leaf","flower","seed_pod","seed"],"searched":["frost_damage_temp","frost_kill_temp"],"searched_why":{"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"Swept ten extension URL families for this crop on 2026-08-05 — Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA and Missouri Botanical Garden — and read in full every page that genuinely covers it. None states a temperature at which the plant takes cold damage or dies. Every page was verified to be about this crop before being read, after the same sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" page with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md). Across 100-plus pages the sweep produced two usable figures, which is the finding: extension publishes a hardiness CLASS for ordinary garden crops, not a per-crop temperature. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the alert engine already uses it.","searched":"2026-08-05"},"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Swept ten extension URL families for this crop on 2026-08-05 — Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA and Missouri Botanical Garden — and read in full every page that genuinely covers it. None states a temperature at which the plant takes cold damage or dies. Every page was verified to be about this crop before being read, after the same sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" page with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md). Across 100-plus pages the sweep produced two usable figures, which is the finding: extension publishes a hardiness CLASS for ordinary garden crops, not a per-crop temperature. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the alert engine already uses it.","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":5,"orgs":["Clemson Cooperative Extension, Home & Garden Information Center","Cornell University Garden-Based Learning","NC State Extension","University of Wisconsin-Madison Division of Extension","Utah State University Extension"]},"varieties":[{"slug":"rocket-arugula","name":"Rocket Arugula","heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"45","dtm_basis":"seed"}]},{"slug":"asparagus","name":"Asparagus","display":"Asparagus","botanical":"Asparagus officinalis","family":"Asparagaceae","kind":"food_crop","category":"stem_vegetable","lifecycle":"perennial","variety_count":15,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"hardy","frost_damage_temp":{"v":"28–32 °F","min":28,"max":32,"unit":"°F","stg":"spring_growth","rdg":"threshold"},"frost_kill_temp":{"v":"28 °F","min":28,"max":28,"unit":"°F","stg":"spring_growth","rdg":"threshold"},"fertility":"moderate","zones":{"v":"2–9","min":2,"max":9,"unit":"usda_zone"},"soil_ph":{"v":"6–7","min":6,"max":7,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["sandy","loam","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"12–18 in","min":12,"max":18,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"36–60 in","min":36,"max":60,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"6–8 in","min":6,"max":8,"unit":"in"},"years_to_harvest":{"v":"2–3 yr","min":2,"max":3,"unit":"yr"},"mature_height":{"v":"3–5 ft","min":36,"max":60,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"1.5–3 ft","min":18,"max":36,"unit":"in"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"start_indoors_weeks_before_last_frost":{"max":14,"min":10},"transplant_days_after_last_frost":{"max":14,"min":-28},"days_to_germination":21},"harvest_cues":["stem_reached_harvest_size"],"propagation":["division","transplant"],"pests":["asparagus_beetle","spotted_asparagus_beetle","aphids","cutworms"],"diseases":["rust","fusarium_crown_rot","phytophthora_crown_rot","purple_spot","cercospora_leaf_spot"],"edible_parts":["stem"],"human_toxicity":["toxic_berries","toxic_raw_shoots"],"searched":["container_min_volume"],"searched_why":{"container_min_volume":{"note":"This field was previously marked as not applying to asparagus at all, filed alongside three broadcast cover crops — and that grouping said something false: a pot is meaningless for drilled ryegrass, whereas asparagus in a large deep container is unusual rather than impossible. The field does apply to asparagus. We simply hold no figure for it, which is a different thing from the field being irrelevant. What remains true from the earlier note is the reason there is no number — asparagus is a permanent in-ground bed crop whose crown stays productive 15-20+ years, and the prior 15-20 gal value was an uncited general_knowledge force-fill, removed rather than replaced. Neither University of Maryland container page names asparagus or any perennial vegetable in its size tiers, and the five extension pages this record is built from (NCSU, UMN, Clemson, USU, UMD asparagus) all treat it as a crown bed and state no container size. A real figure needs a source that addresses container asparagus directly; none is on file.","searched":"2026-08-08"}},"sources":{"count":6,"orgs":["Clemson Cooperative Extension (HGIC)","Iowa State University Extension and Outreach","NC State Extension","University of Maryland Extension","University of Minnesota Extension","Utah State University Extension"]},"varieties":[{"slug":"jersey-giant-asparagus","name":"Jersey Giant Asparagus","variety_type":"all_male_hybrid","hybrid":true},{"slug":"mary-washington-asparagus","name":"Mary Washington Asparagus","variety_type":"open_pollinated","color":["green"],"heirloom":true},{"slug":"purple-passion-asparagus","name":"Purple Passion Asparagus","variety_type":"open_pollinated","color":["purple"]}]},{"slug":"basil","name":"Basil","display":"Basil","botanical":"Ocimum basilicum","family":"Lamiaceae","kind":"herb","category":"herb","lifecycle":"annual","variety_count":22,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"tender","frost_damage_temp":{"v":"50 °F","min":50,"max":50,"unit":"°F","stg":"chilling","rdg":"threshold"},"fertility":"moderate","zones":{"v":"10–10","min":10,"max":10,"unit":"usda_zone"},"soil_ph":{"v":"6–7.5","min":6,"max":7.5,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["loam","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"6–12 in","min":6,"max":12,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"18 in","min":18,"max":18,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"0.125–0.25 in","min":0.125,"max":0.25,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"60–70 days","min":60,"max":70,"unit":"days","basis":"seed","by_basis":{"seed":{"v":"60–70 days","min":60,"max":70}}},"mature_height":{"v":"12–18 in","min":12,"max":18,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"4–14 in","min":4,"max":14,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"2–3 gal","min":2,"max":3,"unit":"gal","rm":"min_to_recommended"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"start_indoors_weeks_before_last_frost":{"max":8,"min":4},"transplant_days_after_last_frost":14,"direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost":{"max":14,"min":0},"days_to_germination":{"max":14,"min":5}},"harvest_cues":["rapid_leaf_growth"],"propagation":["direct_sow","transplant","cutting"],"pests":["japanese_beetle","aphids","slugs","grasshoppers"],"diseases":["downy_mildew","fusarium_wilt","root_rot","gray_mold","bacterial_wilt"],"edible_parts":["leaf"],"pet_toxicity":["non_toxic_to_dogs","non_toxic_to_cats"],"searched":["frost_kill_temp"],"searched_why":{"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"University of Illinois Extension and Clemson Cooperative Extension, Home & Garden Information Center states this crop's frost_damage_temp (50 F, chilling) and states NO separate temperature at which the plant is lost, and no other publication read in the 2026-08-05 sweep across twelve extension URL families supplies one. That is the normal shape outside the critical-temperature tables: those tables print a 10% and a 90% column together, which is where every paired record we hold comes from, and an ordinary crop page names one threshold or the other. LEAVING THIS EMPTY IS THE CORRECT OUTCOME, not a gap to fill later by inference. The two fields are read as a pair, so a guessed kill figure would manufacture a safety margin nobody measured — and the engine would print that margin to a gardener as if it were a fact. Where the crop is lost outright below the damage point, its frost_sensitivity class already says so and the alert already fires from it.","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":15,"orgs":["ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center","Clemson Cooperative Extension, Home & Garden Information Center","Iowa State University Extension and Outreach","NC State Extension","Penn State Extension","UMass Extension Vegetable Program (Center for Agriculture, Food, and the Environment)","University of Illinois Extension","University of Maryland Extension","University of Minnesota Extension","University of New Hampshire Cooperative Extension","Utah State University Extension"]},"varieties":[{"slug":"cardinal-basil","name":"Cardinal Basil","variety_type":"thai","color":["green"],"days_to_maturity":"60–70","dtm_basis":"seed"},{"slug":"cinnamon-basil","name":"Cinnamon Basil","variety_type":"cinnamon","color":["green"],"days_to_maturity":"65","dtm_basis":"seed"},{"slug":"dark-opal-basil","name":"Dark Opal Basil","variety_type":"purple","color":["purple"],"days_to_maturity":"70","dtm_basis":"seed"},{"slug":"genovese-basil","name":"Genovese Basil","variety_type":"sweet_genovese","color":["green"],"days_to_maturity":"68","dtm_basis":"seed"},{"slug":"lemon-basil","name":"Lemon Basil","variety_type":"lemon","color":["green"],"heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"60–90","dtm_basis":"seed"},{"slug":"lettuce-leaf-basil","name":"Lettuce Leaf Basil","variety_type":"lettuce_leaf","color":["green"],"days_to_maturity":"60–70","dtm_basis":"seed"},{"slug":"lime-basil","name":"Lime Basil","variety_type":"lime","color":["green"],"days_to_maturity":"60","dtm_basis":"seed"},{"slug":"thai-basil","name":"Thai Basil","variety_type":"thai","color":["green"],"days_to_maturity":"64","dtm_basis":"seed"}]},{"slug":"beans-bush","name":"Beans, bush","display":"Bush Bean","botanical":"Phaseolus vulgaris","family":"Fabaceae","kind":"food_crop","category":"legume","lifecycle":"annual","variety_count":54,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"tender","fertility":"low","soil_ph":{"v":"6–7","min":6,"max":7,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["loam","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"2–4 in","min":2,"max":4,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"24–36 in","min":24,"max":36,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"1 in","min":1,"max":1,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"50–60 days","min":50,"max":60,"unit":"days","basis":"seed","by_basis":{"seed":{"v":"50–60 days","min":50,"max":60}}},"mature_height":{"v":"2 ft","min":24,"max":24,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"2 gal","min":2,"max":2,"unit":"gal"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost":{"max":14,"min":7},"fall_sow_calendar":[{"curation_status":"source_verified","from":"07-20","not_recommended":false,"place":"South Carolina — Piedmont","to":"08-01"},{"curation_status":"source_verified","from":"08-01","not_recommended":false,"place":"South Carolina — Coastal Plain","to":"09-01"}],"days_to_germination":{"max":10,"min":7}},"harvest_cues":["pods_tender_snap_stage"],"propagation":["direct_sow"],"pests":["mexican_bean_beetle","bean_leaf_beetle","aphids","spider_mites","cutworms","leafhoppers","thrips","stink_bugs"],"diseases":["bacterial_blight","root_rot","white_mold","gray_mold","rust","damping_off","powdery_mildew","cercospora_leaf_spot"],"edible_parts":["fruit","seed"],"human_toxicity":["toxic_raw_seeds"],"searched":["frost_damage_temp","frost_kill_temp","mature_spread"],"searched_why":{"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"Read Utah State University Extension's own page for this crop in full (https://extension.usu.edu/yardandgarden/research/beans-in-the-garden) — the page series that supplied the broccoli, cabbage, celery, radicchio and kale figures we do hold — and it publishes NO cold-tolerance temperature for this crop. Its only Fahrenheit figures are sowing soil minimums, germination optima, heat ceilings and post-harvest storage. Also read three multi-crop references: Michigan State's fall-vegetable freeze-damage guide, Oregon State's cold-hardy vegetable list and Iowa State's cold-and-freeze-damage page. All three sort crops into hardiness CATEGORIES (hard-frost-hardy under 28 F, light-frost-hardy 28-32 F, light-frost-susceptible) and none states a per-crop temperature. We already hold that category as frost_sensitivity, so copying a band edge in here would restate the class as if it were a measurement. The extensions also disagree about which band some crops belong in, which is the clearest sign the band is a judgment rather than a figure.","searched":"2026-08-05"},"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Read Utah State University Extension's own page for this crop in full (https://extension.usu.edu/yardandgarden/research/beans-in-the-garden) — the page series that supplied the broccoli, cabbage, celery, radicchio and kale figures we do hold — and it publishes NO cold-tolerance temperature for this crop. Its only Fahrenheit figures are sowing soil minimums, germination optima, heat ceilings and post-harvest storage. Also read three multi-crop references: Michigan State's fall-vegetable freeze-damage guide, Oregon State's cold-hardy vegetable list and Iowa State's cold-and-freeze-damage page. All three sort crops into hardiness CATEGORIES (hard-frost-hardy under 28 F, light-frost-hardy 28-32 F, light-frost-susceptible) and none states a per-crop temperature. We already hold that category as frost_sensitivity, so copying a band edge in here would restate the class as if it were a measurement. The extensions also disagree about which band some crops belong in, which is the clearest sign the band is a judgment rather than a figure.","searched":"2026-08-05"},"mature_spread":{"note":"NO SOURCE STATES THE CANOPY WIDTH OF ONE BEAN PLANT, and the usual carrier for this field does not carry it. The NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox entry for Phaseolus vulgaris (https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/phaseolus-vulgaris/) has NO plant Dimensions block at all — its only \"Width\" is \"Fruit Width: < 1 inch\", which is the seed pod. Every other extension page this record cites gives PLANTING SPACING instead: Utah State \"space rows 18-24 inches apart and plant seeds 1 inch deep and 2-3 inches apart in the row\", Clemson \"rows spaced 2 to 3 feet apart with the seed spaced 2 to 4 inches apart\". The contract excludes those explicitly — \"NOT the spacing to plant at: spacing_in_row is often smaller on purpose, because a stand is meant to knit closed at maturity\" — and we already hold both figures as spacing_in_row and spacing_between_rows, so copying one here would republish spacing under a second name. ONE NEAR MISS: Maryland says \"Though they have runners about 3 feet long, half-runners are generally grown like bush beans.\" That is HALF-RUNNER beans, a third type this record is not, and it is a runner length rather than a canopy width.","searched":"2026-08-11"}},"sources":{"count":8,"orgs":["Clemson Cooperative Extension, Home & Garden Information Center","NC State Extension","Purdue Extension","University of Maryland Extension","University of Minnesota Extension","Utah State University Extension"]},"varieties":[{"slug":"black-turtle-beans-bush","name":"Black Turtle Bean","variety_type":"dry","color":["black"],"heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"102","dtm_basis":"seed"},{"slug":"great-northern-beans-bush","name":"Great Northern Bean","variety_type":"dry","color":["white"],"heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"85–90","dtm_basis":"seed"},{"slug":"navy-beans-bush","name":"Navy Bean","variety_type":"dry","color":["white"],"heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"80–90","dtm_basis":"seed"},{"slug":"pinto-beans-bush","name":"Pinto Bean","variety_type":"dry","color":["brown"],"heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"90–95","dtm_basis":"seed"}]},{"slug":"beans-pole","name":"Beans, pole (trellised)","display":"Pole Bean","botanical":"Phaseolus vulgaris","family":"Fabaceae","kind":"food_crop","category":"legume","lifecycle":"annual","variety_count":33,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"tender","fertility":"low","soil_ph":{"v":"5.8–6.5","min":5.8,"max":6.5,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["loam","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"4–8 in","min":4,"max":8,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"24–36 in","min":24,"max":36,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"1 in","min":1,"max":1,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"60–110 days","min":60,"max":110,"unit":"days","basis":"seed","by_basis":{"seed":{"v":"60–110 days","min":60,"max":110}}},"mature_height":{"v":"6–8 ft","min":72,"max":96,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"4–6 gal","min":4,"max":6,"unit":"gal","rm":"min_to_recommended"},"needs_support":true,"timing":{"direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost":{"max":14,"min":7},"fall_sow_calendar":[{"curation_status":"source_verified","from":"07-20","not_recommended":false,"place":"South Carolina — Piedmont","to":"08-01"},{"curation_status":"source_verified","from":"08-01","not_recommended":false,"place":"South Carolina — Coastal Plain","to":"09-01"}],"days_to_germination":{"max":10,"min":7}},"harvest_cues":["pods_tender_snap_stage"],"propagation":["direct_sow"],"pests":["mexican_bean_beetle","bean_leaf_beetle","aphids","spider_mites","cutworms","leafhoppers","thrips","stink_bugs"],"diseases":["bacterial_blight","root_rot","white_mold","gray_mold","rust","damping_off","powdery_mildew"],"edible_parts":["fruit","seed"],"human_toxicity":["toxic_raw_seeds"],"searched":["frost_damage_temp","frost_kill_temp","mature_spread"],"searched_why":{"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"Read the NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox entry for this species in full (https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/phaseolus-vulgaris/) and it states no cold-damage or cold-kill temperature — like every toolbox entry it gives a USDA hardiness ZONE range instead, which we already hold as hardiness_zone_min and hardiness_zone_max. That follows eleven other extension URL families swept for this crop on the same day (Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA, Missouri Botanical) which returned no page for it or no figure on the page. Across 150-plus verified-genuine pages the whole sweep produced two usable figures, and that IS the finding: extension publishes a hardiness class or zone for ordinary garden plants and reserves per-crop temperatures for critical-temperature tables — tree fruit at bloom, berries at bloom, citrus in winter, a few chilling-sensitive tropicals. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the frost alert already runs on it. Every page here was verified to be about this plant before being read, after this sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md).","searched":"2026-08-05"},"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Read the NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox entry for this species in full (https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/phaseolus-vulgaris/) and it states no cold-damage or cold-kill temperature — like every toolbox entry it gives a USDA hardiness ZONE range instead, which we already hold as hardiness_zone_min and hardiness_zone_max. That follows eleven other extension URL families swept for this crop on the same day (Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA, Missouri Botanical) which returned no page for it or no figure on the page. Across 150-plus verified-genuine pages the whole sweep produced two usable figures, and that IS the finding: extension publishes a hardiness class or zone for ordinary garden plants and reserves per-crop temperatures for critical-temperature tables — tree fruit at bloom, berries at bloom, citrus in winter, a few chilling-sensitive tropicals. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the frost alert already runs on it. Every page here was verified to be about this plant before being read, after this sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md).","searched":"2026-08-05"},"mature_spread":{"note":"NO SOURCE STATES THE CANOPY WIDTH OF ONE BEAN PLANT, and the usual carrier for this field does not carry it. The NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox entry for Phaseolus vulgaris (https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/phaseolus-vulgaris/) has NO plant Dimensions block at all — its only \"Width\" is \"Fruit Width: < 1 inch\", which is the seed pod. Every other extension page this record cites gives PLANTING SPACING instead: Utah State \"space rows 18-24 inches apart and plant seeds 1 inch deep and 2-3 inches apart in the row\", Clemson \"rows spaced 2 to 3 feet apart with the seed spaced 2 to 4 inches apart\". The contract excludes those explicitly — \"NOT the spacing to plant at: spacing_in_row is often smaller on purpose, because a stand is meant to knit closed at maturity\" — and we already hold both figures as spacing_in_row and spacing_between_rows, so copying one here would republish spacing under a second name. ONE NEAR MISS: Maryland says \"Though they have runners about 3 feet long, half-runners are generally grown like bush beans.\" That is HALF-RUNNER beans, a third type this record is not, and it is a runner length rather than a canopy width. AND THE AXIS RULE BITES HERE: a pole bean is held to a support, so the contract measures perpendicular to the row and its extent along the row belongs to spacing_in_row. The stem run up the pole is height, not spread — the same convention luffa and malabar-spinach already follow. So even the vine figures a source might publish would not answer this field, and none states the canopy width of one plant on its pole.","searched":"2026-08-11"}},"sources":{"count":8,"orgs":["Clemson Cooperative Extension, Home & Garden Information Center","NC State Extension","Purdue Extension","University of Maryland Extension","University of Minnesota Extension","Utah State University Extension"]},"varieties":[]},{"slug":"bee-balm","name":"Bee Balm","display":"Bee Balm","botanical":"Monarda didyma","family":"Lamiaceae","kind":"herb","category":"herb","lifecycle":"perennial","variety_count":21,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"very_hardy","fertility":"moderate","zones":{"v":"4–9","min":4,"max":9,"unit":"usda_zone"},"soil_ph":{"v":"6–8","min":6,"max":8,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["clay","high_organic_matter"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"12–36 in","min":12,"max":36,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"24–36 in","min":24,"max":36,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"0–0.25 in","min":0,"max":0.25,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"70–90 days","min":70,"max":90,"unit":"days","basis":"transplant","by_basis":{"seed":{"v":"100–130 days","min":100,"max":130},"transplant":{"v":"70–90 days","min":70,"max":90}}},"mature_height":{"v":"2–4 ft","min":24,"max":48,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"2–3 ft","min":24,"max":36,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"2–5 gal","min":2,"max":5,"unit":"gal","rm":"min_to_recommended"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"start_indoors_weeks_before_last_frost":{"max":10,"min":6},"transplant_days_after_last_frost":{"max":14,"min":0},"direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost":{"max":0,"min":-14},"days_to_germination":{"max":21,"min":10}},"harvest_cues":["rapid_leaf_growth","first_flowers"],"propagation":["division","seed","cutting"],"pests":["aphids","spider_mites"],"diseases":["powdery_mildew","rust"],"edible_parts":["flower","leaf"],"searched":["frost_damage_temp","frost_kill_temp"],"searched_why":{"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"Read the NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox entry for this species in full (https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/monarda-didyma/) and it states no cold-damage or cold-kill temperature — like every toolbox entry it gives a USDA hardiness ZONE range instead, which we already hold as hardiness_zone_min and hardiness_zone_max. That follows eleven other extension URL families swept for this crop on the same day (Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA, Missouri Botanical) which returned no page for it or no figure on the page. Across 150-plus verified-genuine pages the whole sweep produced two usable figures, and that IS the finding: extension publishes a hardiness class or zone for ordinary garden plants and reserves per-crop temperatures for critical-temperature tables — tree fruit at bloom, berries at bloom, citrus in winter, a few chilling-sensitive tropicals. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the frost alert already runs on it. Every page here was verified to be about this plant before being read, after this sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md).","searched":"2026-08-05"},"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Read the NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox entry for this species in full (https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/monarda-didyma/) and it states no cold-damage or cold-kill temperature — like every toolbox entry it gives a USDA hardiness ZONE range instead, which we already hold as hardiness_zone_min and hardiness_zone_max. That follows eleven other extension URL families swept for this crop on the same day (Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA, Missouri Botanical) which returned no page for it or no figure on the page. Across 150-plus verified-genuine pages the whole sweep produced two usable figures, and that IS the finding: extension publishes a hardiness class or zone for ordinary garden plants and reserves per-crop temperatures for critical-temperature tables — tree fruit at bloom, berries at bloom, citrus in winter, a few chilling-sensitive tropicals. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the frost alert already runs on it. Every page here was verified to be about this plant before being read, after this sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md).","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":4,"orgs":["Iowa State University Extension and Outreach","Missouri Botanical Garden","NC State Extension","University of Illinois Extension"]},"varieties":[{"slug":"jacob-cline-bee-balm","name":"Jacob Cline Bee Balm","variety_type":"monarda_didyma","color":["red"],"days_to_maturity":"70–90","dtm_basis":"transplant"}]},{"slug":"beets","name":"Beets","display":"Beet","botanical":"Beta vulgaris Garden Beet Group","family":"Amaranthaceae","kind":"food_crop","category":"root_vegetable","lifecycle":"biennial","variety_count":42,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"half_hardy","fertility":"heavy","zones":{"v":"2–11","min":2,"max":11,"unit":"usda_zone"},"soil_ph":{"v":"6–6.5","min":6,"max":6.5,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["sandy","loam","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"2–4 in","min":2,"max":4,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"12–18 in","min":12,"max":18,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"0.5–1 in","min":0.5,"max":1,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"50–80 days","min":50,"max":80,"unit":"days","basis":"seed","by_basis":{"seed":{"v":"50–80 days","min":50,"max":80}}},"mature_height":{"v":"12–18 in","min":12,"max":18,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"8–12 in","min":8,"max":12,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"0.5 gal","min":0.5,"max":0.5,"unit":"gal"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost":{"max":-14,"min":-21},"fall_sow_calendar":[{"curation_status":"source_verified","from":"07-15","not_recommended":false,"place":"South Carolina — Piedmont","to":"08-31"},{"curation_status":"source_verified","from":"08-15","not_recommended":false,"place":"South Carolina — Coastal Plain","to":"09-30"}],"days_to_germination":{"max":15,"min":7}},"harvest_cues":["root_shoulder_visible"],"propagation":["direct_sow"],"pests":["aphids","leafminers","flea_beetles","webworms"],"diseases":["cercospora_leaf_spot","leaf_spot","root_rot","damping_off","root_knot_nematodes","yellows"],"edible_parts":["root","leaf"],"pet_toxicity":["non_toxic_to_dogs","non_toxic_to_cats","non_toxic_to_horses"],"searched":["frost_damage_temp","frost_kill_temp"],"searched_why":{"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"Read Utah State University Extension's own page for this crop in full (https://extension.usu.edu/yardandgarden/research/beets-in-the-garden) — the page series that supplied the broccoli, cabbage, celery, radicchio and kale figures we do hold — and it publishes NO cold-tolerance temperature for this crop. Its only Fahrenheit figures are sowing soil minimums, germination optima, heat ceilings and post-harvest storage. Also read three multi-crop references: Michigan State's fall-vegetable freeze-damage guide, Oregon State's cold-hardy vegetable list and Iowa State's cold-and-freeze-damage page. All three sort crops into hardiness CATEGORIES (hard-frost-hardy under 28 F, light-frost-hardy 28-32 F, light-frost-susceptible) and none states a per-crop temperature. We already hold that category as frost_sensitivity, so copying a band edge in here would restate the class as if it were a measurement. The extensions also disagree about which band some crops belong in, which is the clearest sign the band is a judgment rather than a figure.","searched":"2026-08-05"},"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Read Utah State University Extension's own page for this crop in full (https://extension.usu.edu/yardandgarden/research/beets-in-the-garden) — the page series that supplied the broccoli, cabbage, celery, radicchio and kale figures we do hold — and it publishes NO cold-tolerance temperature for this crop. Its only Fahrenheit figures are sowing soil minimums, germination optima, heat ceilings and post-harvest storage. Also read three multi-crop references: Michigan State's fall-vegetable freeze-damage guide, Oregon State's cold-hardy vegetable list and Iowa State's cold-and-freeze-damage page. All three sort crops into hardiness CATEGORIES (hard-frost-hardy under 28 F, light-frost-hardy 28-32 F, light-frost-susceptible) and none states a per-crop temperature. We already hold that category as frost_sensitivity, so copying a band edge in here would restate the class as if it were a measurement. The extensions also disagree about which band some crops belong in, which is the clearest sign the band is a judgment rather than a figure.","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":7,"orgs":["ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center","Clemson Cooperative Extension, Home & Garden Information Center","NC State Extension","Penn State Extension","University of Maryland Extension","Utah State University Extension"]},"varieties":[{"slug":"chioggia-beets","name":"Chioggia Beet","variety_type":"chioggia","color":["striped"],"heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"55","dtm_basis":"seed"},{"slug":"golden-beets","name":"Golden Beet","variety_type":"golden","color":["yellow"],"heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"58","dtm_basis":"seed"}]},{"slug":"bitter-melon","name":"Bitter melon","display":"Bitter melon","botanical":"Momordica charantia","family":"Cucurbitaceae","kind":"food_crop","category":"fruiting_vegetable","lifecycle":"annual","variety_count":15,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"tender","fertility":"moderate","zones":{"v":"9–11","min":9,"max":11,"unit":"usda_zone"},"soil_ph":{"v":"6–6.7","min":6,"max":6.7,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["high_organic_matter","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"36–60 in","min":36,"max":60,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"60–72 in","min":60,"max":72,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"0.5–1 in","min":0.5,"max":1,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"50 days","min":50,"max":50,"unit":"days","basis":"seed","by_basis":{"seed":{"v":"50 days","min":50,"max":50}},"cv":"Measured in north Florida. Days to maturity move with heat, so a cooler garden should expect longer than this, and a shorter season may not reach it at all."},"mature_height":{"v":"12–20 ft","min":144,"max":240,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"3–6 ft","min":36,"max":72,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"5–10 gal","min":5,"max":10,"unit":"gal","rm":"min_to_recommended"},"needs_support":true,"timing":{"start_indoors_weeks_before_last_frost":{"max":4,"min":2},"transplant_days_after_last_frost":{"max":14,"min":7},"direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost":{"max":21,"min":7},"days_to_germination":{"max":14,"min":7}},"harvest_cues":["fruit_sizing"],"propagation":["direct_sow","transplant"],"pests":["melon_fly"],"diseases":["downy_mildew","powdery_mildew","fusarium_wilt","target_spot","root_knot_nematodes"],"edible_parts":["fruit","leaf"],"human_toxicity":["toxic_ripe_fruit","toxic_seeds"],"searched":["frost_damage_temp","frost_kill_temp"],"searched_why":{"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"Read the NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox entry for this species in full (https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/momordica-charantia/) and it states no cold-damage or cold-kill temperature — like every toolbox entry it gives a USDA hardiness ZONE range instead, which we already hold as hardiness_zone_min and hardiness_zone_max. That follows eleven other extension URL families swept for this crop on the same day (Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA, Missouri Botanical) which returned no page for it or no figure on the page. Across 150-plus verified-genuine pages the whole sweep produced two usable figures, and that IS the finding: extension publishes a hardiness class or zone for ordinary garden plants and reserves per-crop temperatures for critical-temperature tables — tree fruit at bloom, berries at bloom, citrus in winter, a few chilling-sensitive tropicals. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the frost alert already runs on it. Every page here was verified to be about this plant before being read, after this sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md).","searched":"2026-08-05"},"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Read the NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox entry for this species in full (https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/momordica-charantia/) and it states no cold-damage or cold-kill temperature — like every toolbox entry it gives a USDA hardiness ZONE range instead, which we already hold as hardiness_zone_min and hardiness_zone_max. That follows eleven other extension URL families swept for this crop on the same day (Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA, Missouri Botanical) which returned no page for it or no figure on the page. Across 150-plus verified-genuine pages the whole sweep produced two usable figures, and that IS the finding: extension publishes a hardiness class or zone for ordinary garden plants and reserves per-crop temperatures for critical-temperature tables — tree fruit at bloom, berries at bloom, citrus in winter, a few chilling-sensitive tropicals. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the frost alert already runs on it. Every page here was verified to be about this plant before being read, after this sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md).","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":3,"orgs":["North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox","University of Florida IFAS Extension"]},"varieties":[]},{"slug":"blackberry","name":"Blackberry","display":"Blackberry","botanical":"Rubus fruticosus agg.","family":"Rosaceae","kind":"berry","category":"fruit","lifecycle":"perennial","variety_count":32,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"hardy","frost_damage_temp":{"v":"13 °F","min":13,"max":13,"unit":"°F","stg":"dormant_top_growth","rdg":"threshold"},"frost_kill_temp":{"v":"10 °F","min":10,"max":10,"unit":"°F","stg":"dormant_top_growth","rdg":"tolerance_floor"},"fertility":"moderate","zones":{"v":"5–9","min":5,"max":9,"unit":"usda_zone"},"soil_ph":{"v":"5.5–6.5","min":5.5,"max":6.5,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["sandy_loam","clay_loam","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"24–96 in","min":24,"max":96,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"96–144 in","min":96,"max":144,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"0.5–2 in","min":0.5,"max":2,"unit":"in"},"years_to_harvest":{"v":"1–2 yr","min":1,"max":2,"unit":"yr"},"chill_hours":{"v":"50–800 hrs","min":50,"max":800,"unit":"hrs"},"pollination":"self_fertile","mature_height":{"v":"3–5 ft","min":36,"max":60,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"3–5 ft","min":36,"max":60,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"20–30 gal","min":20,"max":30,"unit":"gal","cv":"Two extension services disagree and we use the larger. Oregon State says 20–30 gallons and at least two feet deep; Maryland says a 16-inch pot, about 10 gallons. Maryland's own page adds that bigger containers protect the roots from winter cold — which is why we take the bigger number.","rm":"min_to_recommended"},"needs_support":true,"timing":{"transplant_days_after_last_frost":{"max":-28,"min":-42}},"harvest_cues":["fruit_coloring"],"propagation":["transplant","root_cutting","suckers"],"pests":["spotted_wing_drosophila","japanese_beetle","cane_borers","aphids","stink_bugs","thrips","mites"],"diseases":["anthracnose","orange_rust","double_blossom","crown_gall","cane_blight","phytophthora_root_rot","verticillium_wilt"],"edible_parts":["fruit"],"sources":{"count":14,"orgs":["Alabama Cooperative Extension System","Clemson Cooperative Extension, Home & Garden Information Center","Colorado State University Extension (Colorado Master Gardener)","Iowa State University Extension and Outreach","Mississippi State University Extension","NC State Extension","Oregon State University Extension Service","Penn State Extension","University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, Cooperative Extension Service","University of Georgia Extension","University of Illinois Extension","University of Maryland Extension","Utah State University Extension"]},"varieties":[{"slug":"apache-blackberry","name":"Apache Blackberry","variety_type":"erect","size":"very_large"},{"slug":"arapaho-blackberry","name":"Arapaho Blackberry","variety_type":"erect"},{"slug":"chester-blackberry","name":"Chester Blackberry","variety_type":"semi_erect","size":"small"},{"slug":"kiowa-blackberry","name":"Kiowa Blackberry","variety_type":"erect","size":"very_large"},{"slug":"natchez-blackberry","name":"Natchez Blackberry","variety_type":["erect","semi_erect","trailing","thorny","thornless"],"size":"very_large"},{"slug":"navaho-blackberry","name":"Navaho Blackberry","variety_type":"erect"},{"slug":"osage-blackberry","name":"Osage Blackberry","variety_type":"erect","size":"medium"},{"slug":"ouachita-blackberry","name":"Ouachita Blackberry","variety_type":"erect","size":"large"},{"slug":"triple-crown-blackberry","name":"Triple Crown Blackberry","variety_type":"semi_erect","size":"large"}]},{"slug":"blueberry","name":"Blueberry","display":"Blueberry","botanical":"Vaccinium corymbosum","family":"Ericaceae","kind":"berry","category":"fruit","lifecycle":"perennial","variety_count":58,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"hardy","frost_damage_temp":{"v":"29 °F","min":29,"max":29,"unit":"°F","stg":"bloom","rdg":"threshold"},"frost_kill_temp":{"v":"28 °F","min":28,"max":28,"unit":"°F","stg":"bloom","rdg":"threshold"},"fertility":"low","zones":{"v":"3–8","min":3,"max":8,"unit":"usda_zone"},"soil_ph":{"v":"4.5–5.5","min":4.5,"max":5.5,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["sandy","loam","well_drained","high_organic_matter"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"36–60 in","min":36,"max":60,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"72–120 in","min":72,"max":120,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"At soil level","min":0,"max":0,"unit":"in"},"years_to_harvest":{"v":"2–3 yr","min":2,"max":3,"unit":"yr"},"chill_hours":{"v":"150–1000 hrs","min":150,"max":1000,"unit":"hrs"},"pollination":"partially_self_fertile","mature_height":{"v":"6–12 ft","min":72,"max":144,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"6–10 ft","min":72,"max":120,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"15 gal","min":15,"max":15,"unit":"gal"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"transplant_days_after_last_frost":{"max":14,"min":-28}},"harvest_cues":["fruit_coloring"],"propagation":["transplant","cutting","seed"],"pests":["spotted_wing_drosophila","japanese_beetle","birds","blueberry_maggot","scale","cranberry_fruitworm"],"diseases":["mummy_berry","gray_mold","anthracnose","stem_blight","leaf_spot","root_rot"],"edible_parts":["fruit"],"sources":{"count":13,"orgs":["Alabama Cooperative Extension System","Clemson Cooperative Extension, Home & Garden Information Center","Mississippi State University Extension","Mississippi State University Extension Service","NC State Extension","Rutgers NJAES Cooperative Extension","University of Connecticut Home & Garden Education Center","University of Illinois Extension","University of Maryland Extension","University of Minnesota Extension"]},"varieties":[{"slug":"bluecrop-blueberry","name":"Bluecrop Blueberry","variety_type":"highbush"},{"slug":"blueray-blueberry","name":"Blueray Blueberry","size":"very_large"},{"slug":"brightwell-blueberry","name":"Brightwell Blueberry","variety_type":"rabbiteye","size":"medium"},{"slug":"chandler-blueberry","name":"Chandler Blueberry","variety_type":"highbush","size":"very_large"},{"slug":"chippewa-blueberry","name":"Chippewa Blueberry","variety_type":"half_high","size":"large"},{"slug":"climax-blueberry","name":"Climax Blueberry","variety_type":"rabbiteye","size":"small"},{"slug":"duke-blueberry","name":"Duke Blueberry","variety_type":"highbush"},{"slug":"elliott-blueberry","name":"Elliott Blueberry","variety_type":"highbush","size":"large"},{"slug":"emerald-blueberry","name":"Emerald Blueberry","variety_type":"southern_highbush","size":"very_large"},{"slug":"jersey-blueberry","name":"Jersey Blueberry","size":"small","heirloom":true},{"slug":"legacy-blueberry","name":"Legacy Blueberry","variety_type":"highbush"},{"slug":"misty-blueberry","name":"Misty Blueberry","variety_type":"southern_highbush","size":"medium"},{"slug":"northland-blueberry","name":"Northland Blueberry","variety_type":"half_high"},{"slug":"patriot-blueberry","name":"Patriot Blueberry","variety_type":"highbush","size":"large"},{"slug":"peach-sorbet-blueberry","name":"Peach Sorbet Blueberry","size":"medium"},{"slug":"pink-lemonade-blueberry","name":"Pink Lemonade Blueberry","variety_type":"rabbiteye","color":["pink"],"size":"medium"},{"slug":"premier-blueberry","name":"Premier Blueberry","variety_type":"rabbiteye","size":"medium"},{"slug":"sunshine-blue-blueberry","name":"Sunshine Blue Blueberry","variety_type":"southern_highbush","size":"medium"},{"slug":"tifblue-blueberry","name":"Tifblue Blueberry","variety_type":"rabbiteye","size":"small"},{"slug":"top-hat-blueberry","name":"Top Hat Blueberry","variety_type":"half_high"}]},{"slug":"bok-choy","name":"Bok choy (pak choi)","display":"Bok choy","botanical":"Brassica rapa (Chinensis group)","family":"Brassicaceae","kind":"food_crop","category":"leafy_green","lifecycle":"annual","variety_count":13,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"half_hardy","fertility":"moderate","soil_ph":{"v":"6–7.5","min":6,"max":7.5,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["loam","clay","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"12–18 in","min":12,"max":18,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"12–18 in","min":12,"max":18,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"0.25–0.5 in","min":0.25,"max":0.5,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"30–45 days","min":30,"max":45,"unit":"days","basis":"transplant","by_basis":{"seed":{"v":"60 days","min":60,"max":60},"transplant":{"v":"30–45 days","min":30,"max":45}}},"mature_height":{"v":"0.5–2 ft","min":6,"max":24,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"6–18 in","min":6,"max":18,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"1 gal","min":1,"max":1,"unit":"gal"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"start_indoors_weeks_before_last_frost":{"max":4,"min":2},"transplant_days_after_last_frost":{"max":0,"min":-14},"direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost":{"max":0,"min":-21},"days_to_germination":{"max":10,"min":4}},"harvest_cues":["rapid_leaf_growth"],"propagation":["direct_sow","transplant"],"pests":["aphids","flea_beetles","cabbage_looper","imported_cabbageworm","diamondback_moth","cabbage_maggot","harlequin_bug","cabbage_webworm","whiteflies","cutworms","armyworms","slugs"],"diseases":["clubroot","black_rot","alternaria_leaf_spot","downy_mildew","damping_off","bacterial_soft_rot","wire_stem","white_rust","powdery_mildew"],"edible_parts":["leaf","stem","flower"],"pet_toxicity":["toxic_to_horses"],"searched":["frost_damage_temp","frost_kill_temp"],"searched_why":{"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"Read https://extension.umn.edu/vegetables/growing-chinese-cabbage-and-bok-choy in full — the page was found by name search after eleven URL-pattern families failed to reach this crop — and it states no cold-damage or cold-kill temperature. It describes cold behavior qualitatively (\"tolerates light frost\", a USDA zone range) which is the hardiness CLASS we already hold as frost_sensitivity and which the frost alert already runs on. Across 150-plus verified-genuine extension pages this sweep produced two usable figures, and that is the finding: per-crop frost temperatures exist where somebody built a critical-temperature table — tree fruit at bloom, berries at bloom, citrus in winter, a few chilling-sensitive tropicals — and nowhere else. Page verified to be about this plant before reading (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md).","searched":"2026-08-05"},"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Read https://extension.umn.edu/vegetables/growing-chinese-cabbage-and-bok-choy in full — the page was found by name search after eleven URL-pattern families failed to reach this crop — and it states no cold-damage or cold-kill temperature. It describes cold behavior qualitatively (\"tolerates light frost\", a USDA zone range) which is the hardiness CLASS we already hold as frost_sensitivity and which the frost alert already runs on. Across 150-plus verified-genuine extension pages this sweep produced two usable figures, and that is the finding: per-crop frost temperatures exist where somebody built a critical-temperature table — tree fruit at bloom, berries at bloom, citrus in winter, a few chilling-sensitive tropicals — and nowhere else. Page verified to be about this plant before reading (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md).","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":6,"orgs":["Clemson Cooperative Extension HGIC","Johnny's Selected Seeds","Missouri Botanical Garden","NC State Extension","University of Guam Cooperative Extension & Outreach (CNAS)","University of Minnesota Extension"]},"varieties":[]},{"slug":"borage","name":"Borage","display":"Borage","botanical":"Borago officinalis","family":"Boraginaceae","kind":"herb","category":"herb","lifecycle":"annual","variety_count":2,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"low","frost_sensitivity":"half_hardy","fertility":"low","soil_ph":{"v":"6–7","min":6,"max":7,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["clay","loam","sandy","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"12–15 in","min":12,"max":15,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"18–24 in","min":18,"max":24,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"0.25–0.5 in","min":0.25,"max":0.5,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"30–45 days","min":30,"max":45,"unit":"days","basis":"transplant","by_basis":{"seed":{"v":"50–70 days","min":50,"max":70},"transplant":{"v":"30–45 days","min":30,"max":45}}},"mature_height":{"v":"1–3.2 ft","min":12,"max":38,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"9–18 in","min":9,"max":18,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"3–5 gal","min":3,"max":5,"unit":"gal","rm":"min_to_recommended"},"needs_support":true,"timing":{"start_indoors_weeks_before_last_frost":4,"transplant_days_after_last_frost":{"max":14,"min":0},"direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost":{"max":14,"min":0},"days_to_germination":{"max":14,"min":7}},"harvest_cues":["first_flowers"],"propagation":["direct_sow","transplant"],"pests":["aphids"],"diseases":["powdery_mildew"],"edible_parts":["flower","leaf"],"human_toxicity":["low_severity","pyrrolizidine_alkaloids","liver_damage"],"pet_toxicity":["toxic_to_dogs","toxic_to_cats","toxic_to_horses"],"searched":["frost_damage_temp","frost_kill_temp"],"searched_why":{"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"Read the NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox entry for this species in full (https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/borago-officinalis/) and it states no cold-damage or cold-kill temperature — like every toolbox entry it gives a USDA hardiness ZONE range instead, which we already hold as hardiness_zone_min and hardiness_zone_max. That follows eleven other extension URL families swept for this crop on the same day (Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA, Missouri Botanical) which returned no page for it or no figure on the page. Across 150-plus verified-genuine pages the whole sweep produced two usable figures, and that IS the finding: extension publishes a hardiness class or zone for ordinary garden plants and reserves per-crop temperatures for critical-temperature tables — tree fruit at bloom, berries at bloom, citrus in winter, a few chilling-sensitive tropicals. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the frost alert already runs on it. Every page here was verified to be about this plant before being read, after this sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md).","searched":"2026-08-05"},"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Read the NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox entry for this species in full (https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/borago-officinalis/) and it states no cold-damage or cold-kill temperature — like every toolbox entry it gives a USDA hardiness ZONE range instead, which we already hold as hardiness_zone_min and hardiness_zone_max. That follows eleven other extension URL families swept for this crop on the same day (Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA, Missouri Botanical) which returned no page for it or no figure on the page. Across 150-plus verified-genuine pages the whole sweep produced two usable figures, and that IS the finding: extension publishes a hardiness class or zone for ordinary garden plants and reserves per-crop temperatures for critical-temperature tables — tree fruit at bloom, berries at bloom, citrus in winter, a few chilling-sensitive tropicals. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the frost alert already runs on it. Every page here was verified to be about this plant before being read, after this sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md).","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":7,"orgs":["ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center","Johnny's Selected Seeds","Missouri Botanical Garden","NC State Extension","University of Illinois Extension","University of Maryland Extension"]},"varieties":[]},{"slug":"bottle-gourd","name":"Bottle gourd (calabash / opo)","display":"Bottle gourd","botanical":"Lagenaria siceraria","family":"Cucurbitaceae","kind":"food_crop","category":"fruiting_vegetable","lifecycle":"annual","variety_count":11,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"tender","fertility":"moderate","soil_ph":{"v":"6–8","min":6,"max":8,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["sandy","loam","clay","well_drained","high_organic_matter"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"24–48 in","min":24,"max":48,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"36–84 in","min":36,"max":84,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"0.5–1 in","min":0.5,"max":1,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"80–110 days","min":80,"max":110,"unit":"days","basis":"transplant","by_basis":{"seed":{"v":"90–120 days","min":90,"max":120},"transplant":{"v":"80–110 days","min":80,"max":110}}},"mature_height":{"v":"9–18 in","min":9,"max":18,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"10–16 ft","min":120,"max":192,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"10–20 gal","min":10,"max":20,"unit":"gal","rm":"min_to_recommended"},"needs_support":true,"timing":{"start_indoors_weeks_before_last_frost":{"max":4,"min":3},"transplant_days_after_last_frost":{"max":14,"min":0},"direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost":{"max":14,"min":0},"days_to_germination":{"max":13,"min":5}},"harvest_cues":["fruit_sizing","fruit_coloring","skin_set"],"propagation":["direct_sow","transplant"],"pests":["aphids","cucumber_beetles","squash_bugs","stink_bugs","cutworms","pickleworm","squash_vine_borer"],"diseases":["anthracnose","fusarium_wilt","bacterial_wilt","downy_mildew","powdery_mildew"],"edible_parts":["fruit","leaf","flower","shoot","seed"],"human_toxicity":["cucurbitacins","toxic_bitter_fruit"],"searched":["frost_damage_temp","frost_kill_temp"],"searched_why":{"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"Read the NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox entry for this species in full (https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/lagenaria-siceraria/) and it states no cold-damage or cold-kill temperature — like every toolbox entry it gives a USDA hardiness ZONE range instead, which we already hold as hardiness_zone_min and hardiness_zone_max. That follows eleven other extension URL families swept for this crop on the same day (Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA, Missouri Botanical) which returned no page for it or no figure on the page. Across 150-plus verified-genuine pages the whole sweep produced two usable figures, and that IS the finding: extension publishes a hardiness class or zone for ordinary garden plants and reserves per-crop temperatures for critical-temperature tables — tree fruit at bloom, berries at bloom, citrus in winter, a few chilling-sensitive tropicals. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the frost alert already runs on it. Every page here was verified to be about this plant before being read, after this sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md).","searched":"2026-08-05"},"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Read the NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox entry for this species in full (https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/lagenaria-siceraria/) and it states no cold-damage or cold-kill temperature — like every toolbox entry it gives a USDA hardiness ZONE range instead, which we already hold as hardiness_zone_min and hardiness_zone_max. That follows eleven other extension URL families swept for this crop on the same day (Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA, Missouri Botanical) which returned no page for it or no figure on the page. Across 150-plus verified-genuine pages the whole sweep produced two usable figures, and that IS the finding: extension publishes a hardiness class or zone for ordinary garden plants and reserves per-crop temperatures for critical-temperature tables — tree fruit at bloom, berries at bloom, citrus in winter, a few chilling-sensitive tropicals. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the frost alert already runs on it. Every page here was verified to be about this plant before being read, after this sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md).","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":6,"orgs":["NC State Extension","University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture Cooperative Extension Service","University of Florida IFAS Extension","University of Missouri Extension","University of New Hampshire Extension"]},"varieties":[]},{"slug":"broccoli","name":"Broccoli","display":"Broccoli","botanical":"Brassica oleracea Cauliflower & Broccoli Group","family":"Brassicaceae","kind":"food_crop","category":"flowering_vegetable","lifecycle":"biennial","variety_count":40,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"hardy","frost_damage_temp":{"v":"28 °F","min":28,"max":28,"unit":"°F","stg":"standing_crop","rdg":"tolerance_floor"},"fertility":"heavy","zones":{"v":"2–11","min":2,"max":11,"unit":"usda_zone"},"soil_ph":{"v":"6–7","min":6,"max":7,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["sandy_loam","loam","clay","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"18–24 in","min":18,"max":24,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"24–36 in","min":24,"max":36,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"0.25–0.5 in","min":0.25,"max":0.5,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"50–90 days","min":50,"max":90,"unit":"days","basis":"transplant","by_basis":{"transplant":{"v":"50–90 days","min":50,"max":90}}},"mature_height":{"v":"1–4 ft","min":12,"max":48,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"1–2 ft","min":12,"max":24,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"5 gal","min":5,"max":5,"unit":"gal"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"start_indoors_weeks_before_last_frost":{"max":8,"min":6},"transplant_days_after_last_frost":{"max":-14,"min":-28},"direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost":{"max":-14,"min":-21},"fall_sow_calendar":[{"curation_status":"source_verified","from":"08-15","not_recommended":false,"place":"South Carolina — Piedmont","to":"09-15"},{"curation_status":"source_verified","from":"09-01","not_recommended":false,"place":"South Carolina — Coastal Plain","to":"09-30"}],"days_to_germination":{"max":20,"min":4}},"harvest_cues":["head_forming"],"propagation":["transplant","direct_sow"],"pests":["aphids","imported_cabbageworm","cabbage_looper","flea_beetles","diamondback_moth","cabbage_maggot","harlequin_bug","swede_midge"],"diseases":["black_rot","alternaria_leaf_spot","clubroot","downy_mildew","bacterial_soft_rot"],"edible_parts":["flower","stem"],"searched":["days_to_maturity_from_seed","frost_kill_temp"],"searched_why":{"days_to_maturity_from_seed":{"note":"No source we read gives one: \"Johnny's gives only a '+~20 days if direct seeding' offset, no absolute from-seed figure; conventionally from-transplant.\" Every crop in this group is the same: for transplant-raised crops the literature measures maturity from SET-OUT, not from sowing. The figure is not missing by accident — it is a question extension does not answer for this kind of crop, and converting one to the other needs the raising time, which varies by grower. Broccoli is the sharpest case: the only figure anyone publishes is a relative offset, useless without the absolute it modifies.","searched":"2026-08-11"},"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Utah State University Extension states this crop's frost_damage_temp (28 F, standing_crop) and states NO separate temperature at which the plant is lost, and no other publication read in the 2026-08-05 sweep across twelve extension URL families supplies one. That is the normal shape outside the critical-temperature tables: those tables print a 10% and a 90% column together, which is where every paired record we hold comes from, and an ordinary crop page names one threshold or the other. LEAVING THIS EMPTY IS THE CORRECT OUTCOME, not a gap to fill later by inference. The two fields are read as a pair, so a guessed kill figure would manufacture a safety margin nobody measured — and the engine would print that margin to a gardener as if it were a fact. Where the crop is lost outright below the damage point, its frost_sensitivity class already says so and the alert already fires from it.","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":11,"orgs":["Clemson Cooperative Extension, Home & Garden Information Center","Johnny's Selected Seeds","Michigan State University Extension","Missouri Botanical Garden","NC State Extension","University of Hawaii at Manoa, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources (Cooperative Extension Service)","University of Maryland Extension","University of Minnesota Extension","University of Wisconsin-Madison Division of Extension (Wisconsin Horticulture)","Utah State University Extension"]},"varieties":[{"slug":"calabrese-broccoli","name":"Calabrese Broccoli","variety_type":"calabrese","color":["green"],"heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"70–90","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"green-magic-broccoli","name":"Green Magic Broccoli","variety_type":"calabrese","color":["green"],"hybrid":true,"days_to_maturity":"57","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"purple-sprouting-broccoli","name":"Purple Sprouting Broccoli","variety_type":"purple_sprouting","color":["purple"],"heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"220","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"romanesco-broccoli","name":"Romanesco Broccoli","variety_type":"romanesco","color":["green"],"heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"50–90","dtm_basis":"transplant"}]},{"slug":"brussels-sprouts","name":"Brussels sprouts","display":"Brussels sprout","botanical":"Brassica oleracea Brussels Sprouts Group","family":"Brassicaceae","kind":"food_crop","category":"leafy_green","lifecycle":"biennial","variety_count":16,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"hardy","frost_damage_temp":{"v":"20 °F","min":20,"max":20,"unit":"°F","stg":"standing_crop","rdg":"tolerance_floor"},"fertility":"heavy","zones":{"v":"2–11","min":2,"max":11,"unit":"usda_zone"},"soil_ph":{"v":"6–7","min":6,"max":7,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["well_drained","loam"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"18–24 in","min":18,"max":24,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"30–36 in","min":30,"max":36,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"0.25–0.5 in","min":0.25,"max":0.5,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"80–100 days","min":80,"max":100,"unit":"days","basis":"transplant","by_basis":{"seed":{"v":"100–110 days","min":100,"max":110},"transplant":{"v":"80–100 days","min":80,"max":100}}},"mature_height":{"v":"2–3 ft","min":24,"max":36,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"1.5–2 ft","min":18,"max":24,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"4–6 gal","min":4,"max":6,"unit":"gal","rm":"min_to_recommended"},"needs_support":true,"timing":{"transplant_days_after_last_frost":{"max":-14,"min":-28},"fall_sow_calendar":[{"curation_status":"source_verified","from":"08-15","not_recommended":false,"place":"South Carolina — Piedmont","to":"09-15"},{"curation_status":"source_verified","from":"09-15","not_recommended":false,"place":"South Carolina — Coastal Plain","to":"10-15"}],"days_to_germination":{"max":21,"min":10}},"harvest_cues":["head_forming"],"propagation":["transplant","direct_sow"],"pests":["aphids","imported_cabbageworm","cabbage_looper","flea_beetles","diamondback_moth","cabbage_maggot","swede_midge","harlequin_bug","slugs"],"diseases":["alternaria_leaf_spot","black_rot","blackleg","clubroot"],"edible_parts":["leaf"],"searched":["direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost","frost_kill_temp","start_indoors_weeks_before_last_frost"],"searched_why":{"direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost":{"note":"No source we read gives one: \"Brussels sprouts is timed to FIRST frost, not last — the first-frost windows live in growth_stages.\" An anchor mismatch, and the timing is not missing from the app: it is held in growth_stages against the first frost, which is the correct frame for a fall crop.","searched":"2026-08-11"},"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"NC State Extension and Harvest to Table states this crop's frost_damage_temp (20 F, standing_crop) and states NO separate temperature at which the plant is lost, and no other publication read in the 2026-08-05 sweep across twelve extension URL families supplies one. That is the normal shape outside the critical-temperature tables: those tables print a 10% and a 90% column together, which is where every paired record we hold comes from, and an ordinary crop page names one threshold or the other. LEAVING THIS EMPTY IS THE CORRECT OUTCOME, not a gap to fill later by inference. The two fields are read as a pair, so a guessed kill figure would manufacture a safety margin nobody measured — and the engine would print that margin to a gardener as if it were a fact. Where the crop is lost outright below the damage point, its frost_sensitivity class already says so and the alert already fires from it.","searched":"2026-08-05"},"start_indoors_weeks_before_last_frost":{"note":"No source we read gives one: \"Brussels sprouts is timed to FIRST frost, not last — the first-frost windows live in growth_stages.\" The blank is an anchor mismatch, not a missing number: this crop's timing is anchored to the first frost and is already held in growth_stages, so a last-frost figure would be the wrong frame rather than a gap.","searched":"2026-08-11"}},"sources":{"count":10,"orgs":["Clemson Cooperative Extension, Home & Garden Information Center","Harvest to Table","Johnny's Selected Seeds","Missouri Botanical Garden","NC State Extension","University of Maryland Extension","University of Minnesota Extension","University of New Hampshire Cooperative Extension","Utah State University Extension"]},"varieties":[]},{"slug":"buckwheat","name":"Buckwheat","display":"Buckwheat","botanical":"Fagopyrum esculentum","family":"Polygonaceae","kind":"food_crop","category":"grain","lifecycle":"annual","variety_count":2,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"tender","frost_kill_temp":{"v":"32 °F","min":32,"max":32,"unit":"°F","stg":"standing_crop","rdg":"threshold"},"fertility":"low","soil_ph":{"v":"6–7.5","min":6,"max":7.5,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["well_drained","sandy_loam","loam"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"1–3 in","min":1,"max":3,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"6–8 in","min":6,"max":8,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"0.5–1.5 in","min":0.5,"max":1.5,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"70–90 days","min":70,"max":90,"unit":"days","basis":"seed","by_basis":{"seed":{"v":"70–90 days","min":70,"max":90}}},"mature_height":{"v":"2–5 ft","min":24,"max":60,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"8–18 in","min":8,"max":18,"unit":"in"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost":{"max":21,"min":7},"days_to_germination":{"max":5,"min":3}},"harvest_cues":["first_flowers","lower_leaf_yellowing"],"propagation":["direct_sow"],"pests":["tarnished_plant_bug","lygus_bugs","aphids","japanese_beetle","wireworms","root_lesion_nematode"],"diseases":["leaf_spot","root_rot","powdery_mildew","aster_yellows","white_mold"],"edible_parts":["seed"],"human_toxicity":["low_severity","fagopyrin","photosensitivity"],"pet_toxicity":["toxic_to_dogs","toxic_to_cats","toxic_to_horses"],"searched":["frost_damage_temp"],"searched_why":{"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"Read the NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox entry for this species in full (https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/fagopyrum-esculentum/) and it states no cold-damage or cold-kill temperature — like every toolbox entry it gives a USDA hardiness ZONE range instead, which is a claim about surviving a winter rather than a temperature — and one this record does NOT hold: since #119 both zone fields are not_applicable here, because an annual is never asked to overwinter in place. That follows eleven other extension URL families swept for this crop on the same day (Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA, Missouri Botanical) which returned no page for it or no figure on the page. Across 150-plus verified-genuine pages the whole sweep produced two usable figures, and that IS the finding: extension publishes a hardiness class or zone for ordinary garden plants and reserves per-crop temperatures for critical-temperature tables — tree fruit at bloom, berries at bloom, citrus in winter, a few chilling-sensitive tropicals. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the frost alert already runs on it. Every page here was verified to be about this plant before being read, after this sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md).","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":8,"orgs":["Cornell University (Bjorkman Lab)","Cornell University (Björkman Lab) — Cornell Cooperative Extension","NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox","Ohio State University Extension (Ohioline)","Sustainable Agriculture Research & Education (SARE)","USDA NRCS (Natural Resources Conservation Service)","University of Missouri Extension","University of Wisconsin-Madison Corn Agronomy (Alternative Field Crops Manual; UW-Extension & Univ. of Minnesota)"]},"varieties":[]},{"slug":"cabbage","name":"Cabbage","display":"Cabbage","botanical":"Brassica oleracea Cabbage Group","family":"Brassicaceae","kind":"food_crop","category":"leafy_green","lifecycle":"biennial","variety_count":52,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"hardy","frost_damage_temp":{"v":"25 °F","min":25,"max":25,"unit":"°F","stg":"standing_crop","rdg":"tolerance_floor"},"frost_kill_temp":{"v":"15–20 °F","min":15,"max":20,"unit":"°F","stg":"standing_crop","rdg":"tolerance_floor"},"fertility":"moderate","zones":{"v":"2–11","min":2,"max":11,"unit":"usda_zone"},"soil_ph":{"v":"6–7","min":6,"max":7,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"12–18 in","min":12,"max":18,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"24–36 in","min":24,"max":36,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"0.25–0.5 in","min":0.25,"max":0.5,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"60–90 days","min":60,"max":90,"unit":"days","basis":"transplant","by_basis":{"transplant":{"v":"60–90 days","min":60,"max":90}}},"mature_height":{"v":"0.8–2 ft","min":10,"max":24,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"1–2 ft","min":12,"max":24,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"5 gal","min":5,"max":5,"unit":"gal"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"start_indoors_weeks_before_last_frost":{"max":8,"min":6},"transplant_days_after_last_frost":{"max":-7,"min":-21},"direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost":-28,"fall_sow_calendar":[{"curation_status":"source_verified","from":"07-15","not_recommended":false,"place":"South Carolina — Piedmont","to":"08-31"},{"curation_status":"source_verified","from":"08-15","not_recommended":false,"place":"South Carolina — Coastal Plain","to":"09-30"}],"days_to_germination":{"max":8,"min":5}},"harvest_cues":["head_forming"],"propagation":["transplant","direct_sow"],"pests":["aphids","imported_cabbageworm","cabbage_looper","flea_beetles","diamondback_moth","cabbage_maggot","harlequin_bug","swede_midge","cabbage_webworm"],"diseases":["black_rot","alternaria_leaf_spot","clubroot","downy_mildew","damping_off","wire_stem","bacterial_soft_rot"],"edible_parts":["leaf"],"searched":["days_to_maturity_from_seed"],"searched_why":{"days_to_maturity_from_seed":{"note":"No source we read gives one: \"UMN '60-100 days' + USU cultivar days are ambiguous seed-vs-transplant; cabbage maturity is conventionally from transplant.\" Every crop in this group is the same: for transplant-raised crops the literature measures maturity from SET-OUT, not from sowing. The figure is not missing by accident — it is a question extension does not answer for this kind of crop, and converting one to the other needs the raising time, which varies by grower. Here a number does exist and its anchor is ambiguous, which is worse than none — adopting it would have been a coin flip presented as a fact.","searched":"2026-08-11"}},"sources":{"count":11,"orgs":["Clemson Cooperative Extension, Home & Garden Information Center","Harvest to Table","Johnny's Selected Seeds","Missouri Botanical Garden","NC State Extension","UC Cooperative Extension, Sacramento County (UC ANR) — Garden Notes GN 154","University of Maryland Extension","University of Minnesota Extension","Utah State University Extension"]},"varieties":[{"slug":"caraflex-cabbage","name":"Caraflex Cabbage","variety_type":"pointed","color":["green"],"size":"small","hybrid":true,"days_to_maturity":"68","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"golden-acre-cabbage","name":"Golden Acre Cabbage","variety_type":"green_round","color":["green"],"size":"medium","heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"65","dtm_basis":"transplant"}]},{"slug":"calendula","name":"Calendula (pot marigold)","display":"Calendula","botanical":"Calendula officinalis","family":"Asteraceae","kind":"herb","category":"herb","lifecycle":"annual","variety_count":18,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"hardy","frost_kill_temp":{"v":"25 °F","min":25,"max":25,"unit":"°F","stg":"standing_crop","rdg":"tolerance_floor"},"growth_habit":["mounding"],"fertility":"low","soil_ph":{"v":"6–7","min":6,"max":7,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["clay","loam","sandy","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"8–12 in","min":8,"max":12,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"12–18 in","min":12,"max":18,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"0.25–0.5 in","min":0.25,"max":0.5,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"40–50 days","min":40,"max":50,"unit":"days","basis":"transplant","by_basis":{"seed":{"v":"45–60 days","min":45,"max":60},"transplant":{"v":"40–50 days","min":40,"max":50}}},"mature_height":{"v":"0.7–2 ft","min":8,"max":24,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"1–2 ft","min":12,"max":24,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"1–2 gal","min":1,"max":2,"unit":"gal","rm":"min_to_recommended"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"start_indoors_weeks_before_last_frost":{"max":8,"min":6},"transplant_days_after_last_frost":{"max":7,"min":-7},"direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost":{"max":0,"min":-7},"days_to_germination":{"max":15,"min":5}},"harvest_cues":["first_flowers"],"propagation":["direct_sow","transplant"],"pests":["aphids","whiteflies","slugs","snails"],"diseases":["powdery_mildew","cucumber_mosaic_virus"],"edible_parts":["flower","leaf"],"pet_toxicity":["non_toxic_to_cats","non_toxic_to_dogs"],"searched":["frost_damage_temp"],"searched_why":{"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"Read the NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox entry for this species in full (https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/calendula-officinalis/) and it states no cold-damage or cold-kill temperature — like every toolbox entry it gives a USDA hardiness ZONE range instead, which we already hold as hardiness_zone_min and hardiness_zone_max. That follows eleven other extension URL families swept for this crop on the same day (Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA, Missouri Botanical) which returned no page for it or no figure on the page. Across 150-plus verified-genuine pages the whole sweep produced two usable figures, and that IS the finding: extension publishes a hardiness class or zone for ordinary garden plants and reserves per-crop temperatures for critical-temperature tables — tree fruit at bloom, berries at bloom, citrus in winter, a few chilling-sensitive tropicals. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the frost alert already runs on it. Every page here was verified to be about this plant before being read, after this sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md).","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":6,"orgs":["Johnny's Selected Seeds","Missouri Botanical Garden","NC State Extension","University of New Hampshire Extension","University of Wisconsin-Madison Division of Extension","Utah State University Extension"]},"varieties":[]},{"slug":"carrot","name":"Carrots","display":"Carrot","botanical":"Daucus carota subsp. sativus","family":"Apiaceae","kind":"food_crop","category":"root_vegetable","lifecycle":"biennial","variety_count":50,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"half_hardy","fertility":"moderate","zones":{"v":"2–11","min":2,"max":11,"unit":"usda_zone"},"soil_ph":{"v":"6–7","min":6,"max":7,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["sandy_loam","sandy","loam","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"2–3 in","min":2,"max":3,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"12–18 in","min":12,"max":18,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"0.25–0.5 in","min":0.25,"max":0.5,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"65–120 days","min":65,"max":120,"unit":"days","basis":"seed","by_basis":{"seed":{"v":"65–120 days","min":65,"max":120}}},"mature_height":{"v":"0.3–3 ft","min":3,"max":36,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"2–3 in","min":2,"max":3,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"0.5 gal","min":0.5,"max":0.5,"unit":"gal","cv":"Depth matters more than width for a carrot. NC State allows a pot as small as half a gallon if it is 10 inches deep; Maryland's table asks for 2 gallons. Either works — a shallow wide tray does not, whatever it holds."},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost":{"max":-14,"min":-21},"direct_sow_days_relative_first_frost":{"max":-70,"min":-84},"fall_sow_calendar":[{"curation_status":"source_verified","from":"08-01","not_recommended":false,"place":"South Carolina — Piedmont","to":"09-15"},{"curation_status":"source_verified","from":"09-01","not_recommended":false,"place":"South Carolina — Coastal Plain","to":"09-15"}],"days_to_germination":{"max":21,"min":14}},"harvest_cues":["root_shoulder_visible"],"propagation":["direct_sow"],"pests":["cutworms","root_maggots","carrot_rust_fly","six_spotted_leafhopper","parsleyworm"],"diseases":["aster_yellows","alternaria_leaf_blight","leaf_blight","root_rot","root_knot_nematodes"],"edible_parts":["root","leaf","flower","seed"],"pet_toxicity":["non_toxic_to_dogs","non_toxic_to_cats","non_toxic_to_horses"],"searched":["frost_damage_temp","frost_kill_temp"],"searched_why":{"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"Utah State University Extension's https://extension.usu.edu/yardandgarden/research/carrots-in-the-garden page does give a number — \"temperatures down to 32F do not seriously damage plants\" — and it was deliberately NOT recorded. 32 F is the freezing point, and a tolerance floor sitting exactly there says only that the crop is fine at a light frost, which is what its hardiness class already says. It carries no information about how much colder the plant takes, because USU never tested lower. Storing it would make the app fire a frost alert AT a temperature its own source calls safe, on the cool-season crops most likely to be standing in an autumn garden — every light-frost night, for a plant in no trouble. Parsnip proves the point: this page floors it at 32 F while Oregon State reports parsnips tolerant to 0 F. A useful floor here has to be BELOW freezing, as broccoli's 28, cabbage's 25 and kale's 25 are. Also read Michigan State's, Oregon State's and Iowa State's multi-crop guides; all three publish hardiness categories rather than per-crop temperatures.","searched":"2026-08-05"},"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Utah State University Extension's https://extension.usu.edu/yardandgarden/research/carrots-in-the-garden page does give a number — \"temperatures down to 32F do not seriously damage plants\" — and it was deliberately NOT recorded. 32 F is the freezing point, and a tolerance floor sitting exactly there says only that the crop is fine at a light frost, which is what its hardiness class already says. It carries no information about how much colder the plant takes, because USU never tested lower. Storing it would make the app fire a frost alert AT a temperature its own source calls safe, on the cool-season crops most likely to be standing in an autumn garden — every light-frost night, for a plant in no trouble. Parsnip proves the point: this page floors it at 32 F while Oregon State reports parsnips tolerant to 0 F. A useful floor here has to be BELOW freezing, as broccoli's 28, cabbage's 25 and kale's 25 are. Also read Michigan State's, Oregon State's and Iowa State's multi-crop guides; all three publish hardiness categories rather than per-crop temperatures.","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":7,"orgs":["ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center","Clemson Cooperative Extension, Home & Garden Information Center","NC State Extension","University of Maryland Extension","University of Minnesota Extension","Utah State University Extension"]},"varieties":[{"slug":"black-nebula-carrot","name":"Black Nebula Carrot","variety_type":"nantes","color":["purple"],"size":"medium","days_to_maturity":"75","dtm_basis":"seed"},{"slug":"cosmic-purple-carrot","name":"Cosmic Purple Carrot","variety_type":"imperator","color":["purple","orange"],"size":"medium","days_to_maturity":"70","dtm_basis":"seed"},{"slug":"rainbow-carrot","name":"Rainbow Carrot","variety_type":"imperator","color":["orange","yellow","white","red"],"size":"large","hybrid":true,"days_to_maturity":"67","dtm_basis":"seed"},{"slug":"scarlet-nantes-carrot","name":"Scarlet Nantes Carrot","variety_type":"nantes","color":["orange"],"size":"medium","heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"68","dtm_basis":"seed"}]},{"slug":"catnip","name":"Catnip","display":"Catnip","botanical":"Nepeta cataria","family":"Lamiaceae","kind":"herb","category":"herb","lifecycle":"perennial","variety_count":3,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"low","frost_sensitivity":"very_hardy","fertility":"low","zones":{"v":"3–9","min":3,"max":9,"unit":"usda_zone"},"soil_ph":{"v":"6–7.5","min":6,"max":7.5,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["loam","sandy","clay","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"12–36 in","min":12,"max":36,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"24–36 in","min":24,"max":36,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"0.125–0.25 in","min":0.125,"max":0.25,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"60–80 days","min":60,"max":80,"unit":"days","basis":"transplant","by_basis":{"seed":{"v":"90–120 days","min":90,"max":120},"transplant":{"v":"60–80 days","min":60,"max":80}}},"mature_height":{"v":"2–3 ft","min":24,"max":36,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"2–3 ft","min":24,"max":36,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"2–5 gal","min":2,"max":5,"unit":"gal","rm":"min_to_recommended"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"start_indoors_weeks_before_last_frost":{"max":4,"min":2},"transplant_days_after_last_frost":{"max":14,"min":0},"direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost":{"max":0,"min":-14},"days_to_germination":{"max":14,"min":7}},"harvest_cues":["rapid_leaf_growth","first_flowers"],"propagation":["seed","division","cutting"],"pests":["aphids","spider_mites"],"diseases":["powdery_mildew","leaf_spot"],"edible_parts":["leaf"],"pet_toxicity":["toxic_to_cats"],"searched":["frost_damage_temp","frost_kill_temp"],"searched_why":{"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"Read the NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox entry for this species in full (https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/nepeta-cataria/) and it states no cold-damage or cold-kill temperature — like every toolbox entry it gives a USDA hardiness ZONE range instead, which we already hold as hardiness_zone_min and hardiness_zone_max. That follows eleven other extension URL families swept for this crop on the same day (Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA, Missouri Botanical) which returned no page for it or no figure on the page. Across 150-plus verified-genuine pages the whole sweep produced two usable figures, and that IS the finding: extension publishes a hardiness class or zone for ordinary garden plants and reserves per-crop temperatures for critical-temperature tables — tree fruit at bloom, berries at bloom, citrus in winter, a few chilling-sensitive tropicals. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the frost alert already runs on it. Every page here was verified to be about this plant before being read, after this sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md).","searched":"2026-08-05"},"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Read the NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox entry for this species in full (https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/nepeta-cataria/) and it states no cold-damage or cold-kill temperature — like every toolbox entry it gives a USDA hardiness ZONE range instead, which we already hold as hardiness_zone_min and hardiness_zone_max. That follows eleven other extension URL families swept for this crop on the same day (Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA, Missouri Botanical) which returned no page for it or no figure on the page. Across 150-plus verified-genuine pages the whole sweep produced two usable figures, and that IS the finding: extension publishes a hardiness class or zone for ordinary garden plants and reserves per-crop temperatures for critical-temperature tables — tree fruit at bloom, berries at bloom, citrus in winter, a few chilling-sensitive tropicals. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the frost alert already runs on it. Every page here was verified to be about this plant before being read, after this sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md).","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":5,"orgs":["ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center","NC State Extension","University of Illinois Extension","University of Minnesota Extension","University of Wisconsin-Madison Division of Extension"]},"varieties":[]},{"slug":"cauliflower","name":"Cauliflower","display":"Cauliflower","botanical":"Brassica oleracea Cauliflower & Broccoli Group","family":"Brassicaceae","kind":"food_crop","category":"flowering_vegetable","lifecycle":"biennial","variety_count":24,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"half_hardy","fertility":"heavy","zones":{"v":"2–11","min":2,"max":11,"unit":"usda_zone"},"soil_ph":{"v":"6–7","min":6,"max":7,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["sandy","loam","clay","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"18–24 in","min":18,"max":24,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"24–36 in","min":24,"max":36,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"0.25–0.5 in","min":0.25,"max":0.5,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"50–80 days","min":50,"max":80,"unit":"days","basis":"transplant","by_basis":{"transplant":{"v":"50–80 days","min":50,"max":80}}},"mature_height":{"v":"1–2.5 ft","min":12,"max":30,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"1–2 ft","min":12,"max":24,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"4–6 gal","min":4,"max":6,"unit":"gal","rm":"min_to_recommended"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"start_indoors_weeks_before_last_frost":{"max":8,"min":6},"transplant_days_after_last_frost":{"max":-7,"min":-28},"fall_sow_calendar":[{"curation_status":"source_verified","from":"07-15","not_recommended":false,"place":"South Carolina — Piedmont","to":"08-31"},{"curation_status":"source_verified","from":"08-15","not_recommended":false,"place":"South Carolina — Coastal Plain","to":"08-30"}],"days_to_germination":{"max":14,"min":5}},"harvest_cues":["head_forming"],"propagation":["transplant","direct_sow"],"pests":["aphids","imported_cabbageworm","cabbage_looper","flea_beetles","diamondback_moth","cabbage_maggot","harlequin_bug","corn_earworm","swede_midge"],"diseases":["black_rot","alternaria_leaf_spot","clubroot","downy_mildew","bacterial_soft_rot","wire_stem"],"edible_parts":["flower","stem"],"searched":["days_to_maturity_from_seed","direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost","frost_damage_temp","frost_kill_temp"],"searched_why":{"days_to_maturity_from_seed":{"note":"No source we read gives one: \"sources give from-transplant; conventionally from transplant.\" Every crop in this group is the same: for transplant-raised crops the literature measures maturity from SET-OUT, not from sowing. The figure is not missing by accident — it is a question extension does not answer for this kind of crop, and converting one to the other needs the raising time, which varies by grower.","searched":"2026-08-11"},"direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost":{"note":"No source we read gives one: \"spring crop is transplant-raised; fall direct-sowing is first-frost anchored, not last.\" Two growing patterns, neither of which uses a last-frost sow offset.","searched":"2026-08-11"},"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"Read Utah State University Extension's own page for this crop in full (https://extension.usu.edu/yardandgarden/research/cauliflower-in-the-garden) — the page series that supplied the broccoli, cabbage, celery, radicchio and kale figures we do hold — and it publishes NO cold-tolerance temperature for this crop. Its only Fahrenheit figures are sowing soil minimums, germination optima, heat ceilings and post-harvest storage. Also read three multi-crop references: Michigan State's fall-vegetable freeze-damage guide, Oregon State's cold-hardy vegetable list and Iowa State's cold-and-freeze-damage page. All three sort crops into hardiness CATEGORIES (hard-frost-hardy under 28 F, light-frost-hardy 28-32 F, light-frost-susceptible) and none states a per-crop temperature. We already hold that category as frost_sensitivity, so copying a band edge in here would restate the class as if it were a measurement. The extensions also disagree about which band some crops belong in, which is the clearest sign the band is a judgment rather than a figure.","searched":"2026-08-05"},"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Read Utah State University Extension's own page for this crop in full (https://extension.usu.edu/yardandgarden/research/cauliflower-in-the-garden) — the page series that supplied the broccoli, cabbage, celery, radicchio and kale figures we do hold — and it publishes NO cold-tolerance temperature for this crop. Its only Fahrenheit figures are sowing soil minimums, germination optima, heat ceilings and post-harvest storage. Also read three multi-crop references: Michigan State's fall-vegetable freeze-damage guide, Oregon State's cold-hardy vegetable list and Iowa State's cold-and-freeze-damage page. All three sort crops into hardiness CATEGORIES (hard-frost-hardy under 28 F, light-frost-hardy 28-32 F, light-frost-susceptible) and none states a per-crop temperature. We already hold that category as frost_sensitivity, so copying a band edge in here would restate the class as if it were a measurement. The extensions also disagree about which band some crops belong in, which is the clearest sign the band is a judgment rather than a figure.","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":11,"orgs":["Clemson Cooperative Extension, Home & Garden Information Center","Johnny's Selected Seeds","Michigan State University Extension","Missouri Botanical Garden","NC State Extension","UC Cooperative Extension, Sacramento County (UC ANR) — Garden Notes GN 154","University of Maryland Extension","University of Minnesota Extension","Utah State University Extension"]},"varieties":[]},{"slug":"celeriac","name":"Celeriac (celery root)","display":"Celeriac","botanical":"Apium graveolens var. rapaceum","family":"Apiaceae","kind":"food_crop","category":"root_vegetable","lifecycle":"biennial","variety_count":8,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"high","frost_sensitivity":"half_hardy","fertility":"heavy","zones":{"v":"3–6","min":3,"max":6,"unit":"usda_zone"},"soil_ph":{"v":"5.8–7","min":5.8,"max":7,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["loam","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"6–12 in","min":6,"max":12,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"18–36 in","min":18,"max":36,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"0.125–0.25 in","min":0.125,"max":0.25,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"90–120 days","min":90,"max":120,"unit":"days","basis":"transplant","by_basis":{"seed":{"v":"100–120 days","min":100,"max":120},"transplant":{"v":"90–120 days","min":90,"max":120}}},"mature_height":{"v":"1–2 ft","min":12,"max":24,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"12–18 in","min":12,"max":18,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"1–2 gal","min":1,"max":2,"unit":"gal","rm":"min_to_recommended"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"start_indoors_weeks_before_last_frost":{"max":10,"min":8},"transplant_days_after_last_frost":{"max":14,"min":0},"direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost":{"max":21,"min":0},"days_to_germination":{"max":21,"min":14}},"harvest_cues":["root_shoulder_visible"],"propagation":["transplant"],"pests":["aphids","leafhoppers","carrot_rust_fly","carrot_weevil","cutworms","root_knot_nematodes","earwigs","celery_worm","slugs","leafminers"],"diseases":["celery_early_blight","celery_late_blight","celery_fusarium_yellows","celery_mosaic_virus","pink_rot","aster_yellows","black_heart","root_rot"],"edible_parts":["root"],"searched":["frost_damage_temp","frost_kill_temp"],"searched_why":{"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"Read the NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox entry for this species in full (https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/apium-graveolens/) and it states no cold-damage or cold-kill temperature — like every toolbox entry it gives a USDA hardiness ZONE range instead, which we already hold as hardiness_zone_min and hardiness_zone_max. That follows eleven other extension URL families swept for this crop on the same day (Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA, Missouri Botanical) which returned no page for it or no figure on the page. Across 150-plus verified-genuine pages the whole sweep produced two usable figures, and that IS the finding: extension publishes a hardiness class or zone for ordinary garden plants and reserves per-crop temperatures for critical-temperature tables — tree fruit at bloom, berries at bloom, citrus in winter, a few chilling-sensitive tropicals. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the frost alert already runs on it. Every page here was verified to be about this plant before being read, after this sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md).","searched":"2026-08-05"},"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Read the NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox entry for this species in full (https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/apium-graveolens/) and it states no cold-damage or cold-kill temperature — like every toolbox entry it gives a USDA hardiness ZONE range instead, which we already hold as hardiness_zone_min and hardiness_zone_max. That follows eleven other extension URL families swept for this crop on the same day (Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA, Missouri Botanical) which returned no page for it or no figure on the page. Across 150-plus verified-genuine pages the whole sweep produced two usable figures, and that IS the finding: extension publishes a hardiness class or zone for ordinary garden plants and reserves per-crop temperatures for critical-temperature tables — tree fruit at bloom, berries at bloom, citrus in winter, a few chilling-sensitive tropicals. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the frost alert already runs on it. Every page here was verified to be about this plant before being read, after this sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md).","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":6,"orgs":["Harvest to Table","Johnny's Selected Seeds","Michigan State University Extension","NC State Extension","UC Master Gardener Program of Sonoma County (UC ANR)","University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture Cooperative Extension"]},"varieties":[]},{"slug":"celery","name":"Celery","display":"Celery","botanical":"Apium graveolens","family":"Apiaceae","kind":"food_crop","category":"stem_vegetable","lifecycle":"biennial","variety_count":15,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"high","frost_sensitivity":"half_hardy","frost_damage_temp":{"v":"36 °F","min":36,"max":36,"unit":"°F","stg":"chilling","rdg":"tolerance_floor"},"fertility":"heavy","zones":{"v":"3–6","min":3,"max":6,"unit":"usda_zone"},"soil_ph":{"v":"6–7","min":6,"max":7,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["sandy","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"6–12 in","min":6,"max":12,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"24–36 in","min":24,"max":36,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"0.125–0.25 in","min":0.125,"max":0.25,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"80–120 days","min":80,"max":120,"unit":"days","basis":"transplant","by_basis":{"seed":{"v":"100–130 days","min":100,"max":130},"transplant":{"v":"80–120 days","min":80,"max":120}}},"mature_height":{"v":"1.5–3 ft","min":18,"max":36,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"12–18 in","min":12,"max":18,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"1–2 gal","min":1,"max":2,"unit":"gal","rm":"min_to_recommended"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"start_indoors_weeks_before_last_frost":{"max":12,"min":8},"transplant_days_after_last_frost":{"max":14,"min":0},"direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost":{"max":21,"min":0},"days_to_germination":{"max":21,"min":14}},"harvest_cues":["stem_reached_harvest_size"],"propagation":["transplant","direct_sow"],"pests":["aphids","leafhoppers","carrot_rust_fly","carrot_weevil","cutworms","whiteflies","cabbage_looper","slugs","root_knot_nematodes"],"diseases":["celery_early_blight","celery_late_blight","celery_fusarium_yellows","pink_rot","celery_mosaic_virus","aster_yellows","powdery_mildew","black_heart"],"edible_parts":["petiole"],"searched":["frost_kill_temp"],"searched_why":{"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Utah State University Extension states this crop's frost_damage_temp (36 F, chilling) and states NO separate temperature at which the plant is lost, and no other publication read in the 2026-08-05 sweep across twelve extension URL families supplies one. That is the normal shape outside the critical-temperature tables: those tables print a 10% and a 90% column together, which is where every paired record we hold comes from, and an ordinary crop page names one threshold or the other. LEAVING THIS EMPTY IS THE CORRECT OUTCOME, not a gap to fill later by inference. The two fields are read as a pair, so a guessed kill figure would manufacture a safety margin nobody measured — and the engine would print that margin to a gardener as if it were a fact. Where the crop is lost outright below the damage point, its frost_sensitivity class already says so and the alert already fires from it.","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":7,"orgs":["Harvest to Table","Johnny's Selected Seeds","Michigan State University Extension","NC State Extension","University of Maryland Extension","Utah State University Extension"]},"varieties":[]},{"slug":"celosia","name":"Celosia (celosia, cockscomb)","display":"Celosia","botanical":"Celosia argentea","family":"Amaranthaceae","kind":"ornamental","category":"flower","lifecycle":"annual","variety_count":18,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"tender","fertility":"moderate","soil_ph":{"v":"6–6.5","min":6,"max":6.5,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["loam","sandy","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"8–12 in","min":8,"max":12,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"12–18 in","min":12,"max":18,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"0.25 in","min":0.25,"max":0.25,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"55–75 days","min":55,"max":75,"unit":"days","basis":"transplant","by_basis":{"seed":{"v":"90–120 days","min":90,"max":120},"transplant":{"v":"55–75 days","min":55,"max":75}}},"mature_height":{"v":"0.5–3 ft","min":6,"max":36,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"9–18 in","min":9,"max":18,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"1–3 gal","min":1,"max":3,"unit":"gal","rm":"min_to_recommended"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"start_indoors_weeks_before_last_frost":{"max":10,"min":6},"transplant_days_after_last_frost":{"max":14,"min":0},"direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost":{"max":14,"min":0},"days_to_germination":{"max":10,"min":7}},"harvest_cues":["first_flowers"],"propagation":["direct_sow","transplant"],"pests":["slugs","aphids","spider_mites"],"diseases":["root_rot","leaf_spot"],"pet_toxicity":["non_toxic_to_cats","non_toxic_to_dogs","non_toxic_to_horses"],"searched":["edible_parts","frost_damage_temp","frost_kill_temp"],"searched_why":{"edible_parts":{"note":"No source we read gives one: \"curated as an ornamental cut flower; NOTE for honesty — NC State documents C. argentea as edible 'Lagos spinach' [leaves/young shoots cooked; seeds yield edible oil], but this record is the ornamental crop, so edible_parts is deferred to the fence rather than asserted.\" we flagged the tension in the file rather than resolving it silently, which is why it is legible now: the species is eaten as Lagos spinach and this record is the ornamental. Asserting edible parts would invite someone to eat a bedding plant grown for color. And the page is NOT silent on the thing that matters here: pet_toxicity is source_verified non-toxic to cats, dogs and horses, so the page is not silent about safety — only about a list of parts to harvest.","searched":"2026-08-11"},"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"Read the NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox entry for this species in full (https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/celosia-argentea/) and it states no cold-damage or cold-kill temperature — like every toolbox entry it gives a USDA hardiness ZONE range instead, which we already hold as hardiness_zone_min and hardiness_zone_max. That follows eleven other extension URL families swept for this crop on the same day (Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA, Missouri Botanical) which returned no page for it or no figure on the page. Across 150-plus verified-genuine pages the whole sweep produced two usable figures, and that IS the finding: extension publishes a hardiness class or zone for ordinary garden plants and reserves per-crop temperatures for critical-temperature tables — tree fruit at bloom, berries at bloom, citrus in winter, a few chilling-sensitive tropicals. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the frost alert already runs on it. Every page here was verified to be about this plant before being read, after this sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md).","searched":"2026-08-05"},"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Read the NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox entry for this species in full (https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/celosia-argentea/) and it states no cold-damage or cold-kill temperature — like every toolbox entry it gives a USDA hardiness ZONE range instead, which we already hold as hardiness_zone_min and hardiness_zone_max. That follows eleven other extension URL families swept for this crop on the same day (Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA, Missouri Botanical) which returned no page for it or no figure on the page. Across 150-plus verified-genuine pages the whole sweep produced two usable figures, and that IS the finding: extension publishes a hardiness class or zone for ordinary garden plants and reserves per-crop temperatures for critical-temperature tables — tree fruit at bloom, berries at bloom, citrus in winter, a few chilling-sensitive tropicals. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the frost alert already runs on it. Every page here was verified to be about this plant before being read, after this sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md).","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":5,"orgs":["Missouri Botanical Garden","NC State Extension","University of Georgia Extension","University of Illinois Extension","University of Minnesota Extension"]},"varieties":[{"slug":"flamingo-feather-celosia","name":"Flamingo Feather Celosia","variety_type":"spicata","color":["red"],"days_to_maturity":"90–95","dtm_basis":"seed"}]},{"slug":"cereal-rye","name":"Cereal Rye","display":"Cereal Rye","botanical":"Secale cereale","family":"Poaceae","kind":"food_crop","category":"cover_crop","lifecycle":"annual","variety_count":8,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"low","frost_sensitivity":"very_hardy","fertility":"low","soil_ph":{"v":"5.6–8","min":5.6,"max":8,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["loam","sandy","clay","high_organic_matter"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"1–2 in","min":1,"max":2,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"6–7 in","min":6,"max":7,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"0.75–1.5 in","min":0.75,"max":1.5,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"255–300 days","min":255,"max":300,"unit":"days","basis":"seed","by_basis":{"seed":{"v":"255–300 days","min":255,"max":300}}},"mature_height":{"v":"2–6 ft","min":24,"max":72,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"6–12 in","min":6,"max":12,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"1–3 gal","min":1,"max":3,"unit":"gal","rm":"min_to_recommended"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"days_to_germination":{"max":7,"min":4}},"harvest_cues":["first_flowers","lower_leaf_yellowing"],"propagation":["direct_sow"],"pests":["armyworms","wheat_curl_mite"],"diseases":["ergot","stem_smut","anthracnose","leaf_rust","stem_rust","fusarium_head_blight","wheat_streak_mosaic_virus"],"edible_parts":["seed"],"human_toxicity":["ergot_alkaloids","ergotism"],"searched":["frost_damage_temp","frost_kill_temp"],"searched_why":{"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"Read the SARE \"Managing Cover Crops Profitably\" chapter for this crop end to end — the same publication that gives hairy vetch its 5 F stand-kill figure, so the shape of statement we want demonstrably appears in this series. It is not there for this crop. The cereal rye chapter's only Fahrenheit figures are a 34 F germination floor and a 38-40 F growth threshold; the oats, crimson clover and annual ryegrass chapters contain no Fahrenheit figure at all. SARE and the extension guides describe winterkill for these crops in USDA hardiness zones and in phrases like \"prolonged freezing temperatures\", and are explicit that whether a stand winterkills depends on growth stage and snow cover as much as on the low — which is a fair reason no single number is published.","searched":"2026-08-05"},"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Read the SARE \"Managing Cover Crops Profitably\" chapter for this crop end to end — the same publication that gives hairy vetch its 5 F stand-kill figure, so the shape of statement we want demonstrably appears in this series. It is not there for this crop. The cereal rye chapter's only Fahrenheit figures are a 34 F germination floor and a 38-40 F growth threshold; the oats, crimson clover and annual ryegrass chapters contain no Fahrenheit figure at all. SARE and the extension guides describe winterkill for these crops in USDA hardiness zones and in phrases like \"prolonged freezing temperatures\", and are explicit that whether a stand winterkills depends on growth stage and snow cover as much as on the low — which is a fair reason no single number is published.","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":5,"orgs":["Alternative Field Crops Manual — Rye (Oelke, Oplinger, Bahri, Durgan, Doll & Kelling, 1990; Univ. of Wisconsin-Extension & Univ. of Minnesota; hosted at Purdue newcrop)","NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox","Ohio State University Extension (Ohioline)","SARE (Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education) — Managing Cover Crops Profitably","USDA NRCS (Natural Resources Conservation Service)"]},"varieties":[]},{"slug":"chamomile","name":"German Chamomile","display":"German Chamomile","botanical":"Matricaria chamomilla","family":"Asteraceae","kind":"herb","category":"herb","lifecycle":"annual","variety_count":5,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"half_hardy","fertility":"low","soil_ph":{"v":"5.6–7.5","min":5.6,"max":7.5,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["clay","loam","sandy","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"8 in","min":8,"max":8,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"18 in","min":18,"max":18,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"Surface — do not cover","min":0,"max":0,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"45–60 days","min":45,"max":60,"unit":"days","basis":"transplant","by_basis":{"seed":{"v":"60–90 days","min":60,"max":90},"transplant":{"v":"45–60 days","min":45,"max":60}}},"mature_height":{"v":"1–2.5 ft","min":12,"max":30,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"8–14 in","min":8,"max":14,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"1–2 gal","min":1,"max":2,"unit":"gal","rm":"min_to_recommended"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"start_indoors_weeks_before_last_frost":{"max":8,"min":6},"transplant_days_after_last_frost":{"max":14,"min":0},"direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost":{"max":0,"min":-14},"days_to_germination":{"max":14,"min":7}},"harvest_cues":["first_flowers"],"propagation":["direct_sow","transplant"],"pests":["aphids"],"diseases":["damping_off","powdery_mildew","gray_mold"],"edible_parts":["flower"],"searched":["frost_damage_temp","frost_kill_temp"],"searched_why":{"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"Read the NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox entry for this species in full (https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/matricaria-chamomilla/) and it states no cold-damage or cold-kill temperature — like every toolbox entry it gives a USDA hardiness ZONE range instead, which we already hold as hardiness_zone_min and hardiness_zone_max. That follows eleven other extension URL families swept for this crop on the same day (Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA, Missouri Botanical) which returned no page for it or no figure on the page. Across 150-plus verified-genuine pages the whole sweep produced two usable figures, and that IS the finding: extension publishes a hardiness class or zone for ordinary garden plants and reserves per-crop temperatures for critical-temperature tables — tree fruit at bloom, berries at bloom, citrus in winter, a few chilling-sensitive tropicals. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the frost alert already runs on it. Every page here was verified to be about this plant before being read, after this sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md).","searched":"2026-08-05"},"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Read the NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox entry for this species in full (https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/matricaria-chamomilla/) and it states no cold-damage or cold-kill temperature — like every toolbox entry it gives a USDA hardiness ZONE range instead, which we already hold as hardiness_zone_min and hardiness_zone_max. That follows eleven other extension URL families swept for this crop on the same day (Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA, Missouri Botanical) which returned no page for it or no figure on the page. Across 150-plus verified-genuine pages the whole sweep produced two usable figures, and that IS the finding: extension publishes a hardiness class or zone for ordinary garden plants and reserves per-crop temperatures for critical-temperature tables — tree fruit at bloom, berries at bloom, citrus in winter, a few chilling-sensitive tropicals. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the frost alert already runs on it. Every page here was verified to be about this plant before being read, after this sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md).","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":6,"orgs":["Johnny's Selected Seeds","Missouri Botanical Garden","Montana State University, Western Agricultural Research Center","NC State Extension","UC Master Gardeners of Santa Clara County (UC ANR)","University of Wisconsin-Madison Division of Extension"]},"varieties":[{"slug":"german-chamomile","name":"German Chamomile","variety_type":"german","heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"45–60","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"roman-chamomile","name":"Roman Chamomile","variety_type":"roman","heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"45–60","dtm_basis":"transplant"}]},{"slug":"chard-swiss","name":"Chard, Swiss","display":"Swiss Chard","botanical":"Beta vulgaris Leaf Beet Group","family":"Amaranthaceae","kind":"food_crop","category":"leafy_green","lifecycle":"biennial","variety_count":18,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"half_hardy","fertility":"heavy","zones":{"v":"2–11","min":2,"max":11,"unit":"usda_zone"},"soil_ph":{"v":"6–8","min":6,"max":8,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"6–12 in","min":6,"max":12,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"18–24 in","min":18,"max":24,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"0.25–0.5 in","min":0.25,"max":0.5,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"50–70 days","min":50,"max":70,"unit":"days","basis":"seed","by_basis":{"seed":{"v":"50–70 days","min":50,"max":70}}},"mature_height":{"v":"1–2 ft","min":12,"max":24,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"8–18 in","min":8,"max":18,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"2 gal","min":2,"max":2,"unit":"gal"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"start_indoors_weeks_before_last_frost":{"max":6,"min":5},"transplant_days_after_last_frost":0,"direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost":{"max":-21,"min":-28},"days_to_germination":{"max":14,"min":7}},"harvest_cues":["rapid_leaf_growth"],"propagation":["direct_sow","transplant"],"pests":["aphids","slugs","flea_beetles","leafminers"],"diseases":["cercospora_leaf_spot"],"edible_parts":["leaf","stem"],"pet_toxicity":["non_toxic_to_dogs","non_toxic_to_cats","non_toxic_to_horses"],"searched":["frost_damage_temp","frost_kill_temp"],"searched_why":{"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"Utah State University Extension's https://extension.usu.edu/yardandgarden/research/swiss-chard-in-the-garden page does give a number — \"temperatures down to 32F do not seriously damage plants\" — and it was deliberately NOT recorded. 32 F is the freezing point, and a tolerance floor sitting exactly there says only that the crop is fine at a light frost, which is what its hardiness class already says. It carries no information about how much colder the plant takes, because USU never tested lower. Storing it would make the app fire a frost alert AT a temperature its own source calls safe, on the cool-season crops most likely to be standing in an autumn garden — every light-frost night, for a plant in no trouble. Parsnip proves the point: this page floors it at 32 F while Oregon State reports parsnips tolerant to 0 F. A useful floor here has to be BELOW freezing, as broccoli's 28, cabbage's 25 and kale's 25 are. Also read Michigan State's, Oregon State's and Iowa State's multi-crop guides; all three publish hardiness categories rather than per-crop temperatures.","searched":"2026-08-05"},"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Utah State University Extension's https://extension.usu.edu/yardandgarden/research/swiss-chard-in-the-garden page does give a number — \"temperatures down to 32F do not seriously damage plants\" — and it was deliberately NOT recorded. 32 F is the freezing point, and a tolerance floor sitting exactly there says only that the crop is fine at a light frost, which is what its hardiness class already says. It carries no information about how much colder the plant takes, because USU never tested lower. Storing it would make the app fire a frost alert AT a temperature its own source calls safe, on the cool-season crops most likely to be standing in an autumn garden — every light-frost night, for a plant in no trouble. Parsnip proves the point: this page floors it at 32 F while Oregon State reports parsnips tolerant to 0 F. A useful floor here has to be BELOW freezing, as broccoli's 28, cabbage's 25 and kale's 25 are. Also read Michigan State's, Oregon State's and Iowa State's multi-crop guides; all three publish hardiness categories rather than per-crop temperatures.","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":7,"orgs":["ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center","Clemson Cooperative Extension, Home & Garden Information Center","NC State Extension","University of Maryland Extension","University of Minnesota Extension","Utah State University Extension"]},"varieties":[{"slug":"rainbow-chard-swiss","name":"Rainbow Swiss Chard","variety_type":"rainbow","color":["bicolor"],"days_to_maturity":"60","dtm_basis":"seed"}]},{"slug":"chayote","name":"Chayote","display":"Chayote","botanical":"Sechium edule","family":"Cucurbitaceae","kind":"food_crop","category":"fruiting_vegetable","lifecycle":"tender_perennial","variety_count":6,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"tender","frost_kill_temp":{"v":"54 °F","min":54,"max":54,"unit":"°F","stg":"chilling","rdg":"threshold"},"fertility":"moderate","zones":{"v":"8–11","min":8,"max":11,"unit":"usda_zone","cv":"This is the winter-survival floor for the perennial root. In colder gardens chayote is grown as an annual, though a short season may not leave time for fruit."},"soil_ph":{"v":"5.5–7","min":5.5,"max":7,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"96–144 in","min":96,"max":144,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"96–144 in","min":96,"max":144,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"3–4 in","min":3,"max":4,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"120–180 days","min":120,"max":180,"unit":"days","basis":"seed","by_basis":{"seed":{"v":"120–180 days","min":120,"max":180}}},"years_to_harvest":{"v":"0 yr","min":0,"max":0,"unit":"yr"},"mature_height":{"v":"6–10 ft","min":72,"max":120,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"50 ft","min":600,"max":600,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"5–10 gal","min":5,"max":10,"unit":"gal","rm":"min_to_recommended"},"needs_support":true,"timing":{"start_indoors_weeks_before_last_frost":{"max":8,"min":4},"transplant_days_after_last_frost":{"max":14,"min":0},"direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost":{"max":14,"min":0},"days_to_germination":{"max":28,"min":14}},"harvest_cues":["fruit_sizing"],"propagation":["whole_fruit","transplant"],"pests":["spider_mites","root_knot_nematodes"],"diseases":["powdery_mildew","anthracnose","fusarium_wilt","ascochyta_blight"],"edible_parts":["fruit","stem","leaf","seed"],"searched":["frost_damage_temp"],"searched_why":{"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"The publication that gives this crop its frost_kill_temp (UF/IFAS EDIS, \"cannot survive at temperatures less than 54 F\") states ONLY that one figure and no separate onset-of-damage temperature, and no other source read in the 2026-08-05 sweep across twelve extension URL families supplies one. That is the normal shape outside the critical-temperature tables: a source names the point where the crop is lost and says nothing about the milder harm before it. Leaving this empty is correct — inventing a warmer number to pair with the kill figure would manufacture a safety margin no source measured, and the engine reads the pair as exactly that.","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":7,"orgs":["LSU AgCenter","Texas A&M AgriLife Extension (Aggie Horticulture)","University of Florida IFAS Extension","University of Florida IFAS Extension (Gardening Solutions)"]},"varieties":[]},{"slug":"cherry","name":"Cherry (Sweet & Sour/Tart)","display":"Cherry","botanical":"Prunus avium (sweet cherry); Prunus cerasus (sour/tart cherry)","family":"Rosaceae","kind":"fruit_tree","category":"fruit","lifecycle":"perennial","variety_count":41,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"hardy","frost_damage_temp":{"v":"28 °F","min":28,"max":28,"unit":"°F","stg":"bloom","rdg":"threshold"},"frost_kill_temp":{"v":"25 °F","min":25,"max":25,"unit":"°F","stg":"bloom","rdg":"threshold"},"fertility":"moderate","zones":{"v":"3–8","min":3,"max":8,"unit":"usda_zone"},"soil_ph":{"v":"6–7","min":6,"max":7,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["loam","high_organic_matter","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"144–300 in","min":144,"max":300,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"144–300 in","min":144,"max":300,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"1–2 in","min":1,"max":2,"unit":"in"},"years_to_harvest":{"v":"2–5 yr","min":2,"max":5,"unit":"yr","as":"grafted"},"chill_hours":{"v":"1000 hrs","min":1000,"max":1000,"unit":"hrs"},"pollination":"needs_pollinizer","mature_height":{"v":"8–30 ft","min":96,"max":360,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"8–30 ft","min":96,"max":360,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"15–25 gal","min":15,"max":25,"unit":"gal","rm":"min_to_recommended"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"transplant_days_after_last_frost":{"max":14,"min":-28}},"harvest_cues":["fruit_coloring"],"propagation":["grafting","budding"],"pests":["birds","cherry_fruit_fly","spotted_wing_drosophila","aphids","scale","sawflies","cherry_lace_bug"],"diseases":["cherry_leaf_spot","brown_rot","bacterial_canker","black_knot","powdery_mildew","crown_gall"],"edible_parts":["fruit"],"human_toxicity":["medium_severity","cyanogenic_glycosides","toxic_seeds","toxic_leaves","toxic_stems"],"pet_toxicity":["toxic_to_dogs","toxic_to_cats","toxic_to_horses"],"sources":{"count":15,"orgs":["ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center","Alabama Cooperative Extension System","Iowa State University Extension and Outreach","Michigan State University Extension","NC State Extension","Penn State Extension","UC Marin Master Gardeners","UC Statewide IPM Program","University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources","University of Minnesota Extension","Utah State University Extension","Washington State University Tree Fruit"]},"varieties":[{"slug":"bing-cherry","name":"Bing Cherry","variety_type":"sweet","color":["red"],"size":"large","heirloom":true},{"slug":"black-tartarian-cherry","name":"Black Tartarian Cherry","variety_type":"sweet","color":["purple"],"size":"medium","heirloom":true},{"slug":"lapins-cherry","name":"Lapins Cherry","variety_type":"sweet","color":["red"],"size":"large"},{"slug":"montmorency-cherry","name":"Montmorency Cherry","variety_type":"sour","color":["red"],"size":"large","heirloom":true},{"slug":"north-star-cherry","name":"North Star Cherry","variety_type":"sour","color":["red"]},{"slug":"rainier-cherry","name":"Rainier Cherry","variety_type":"sweet","color":["bicolor"],"size":"large"},{"slug":"stella-cherry","name":"Stella Cherry","variety_type":"sweet","color":["red"],"size":"large"},{"slug":"sweetheart-cherry","name":"Sweetheart Cherry","variety_type":"sweet","color":["red"],"size":"large"}]},{"slug":"chervil","name":"Chervil","display":"Chervil","botanical":"Anthriscus cerefolium","family":"Apiaceae","kind":"herb","category":"herb","lifecycle":"annual","variety_count":4,"sun":"partial_shade","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"hardy","fertility":"low","soil_ph":{"v":"6–8","min":6,"max":8,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["loam","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"9–12 in","min":9,"max":12,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"8–12 in","min":8,"max":12,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"Surface — do not cover","min":0,"max":0,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"42–56 days","min":42,"max":56,"unit":"days","basis":"seed","by_basis":{"seed":{"v":"42–56 days","min":42,"max":56}}},"mature_height":{"v":"1–2 ft","min":12,"max":24,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"12–18 in","min":12,"max":18,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"1–2 gal","min":1,"max":2,"unit":"gal","rm":"min_to_recommended"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost":{"max":0,"min":-21},"days_to_germination":{"max":21,"min":7}},"harvest_cues":["rapid_leaf_growth"],"propagation":["direct_sow"],"pests":["slugs"],"diseases":["damping_off"],"edible_parts":["leaf","flower","seed"],"pet_toxicity":["non_toxic_to_dogs","non_toxic_to_cats","non_toxic_to_horses"],"searched":["frost_damage_temp","frost_kill_temp"],"searched_why":{"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"Read the NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox entry for this species in full (https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/anthriscus-cerefolium/) and it states no cold-damage or cold-kill temperature — like every toolbox entry it gives a USDA hardiness ZONE range instead, which we already hold as hardiness_zone_min and hardiness_zone_max. That follows eleven other extension URL families swept for this crop on the same day (Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA, Missouri Botanical) which returned no page for it or no figure on the page. Across 150-plus verified-genuine pages the whole sweep produced two usable figures, and that IS the finding: extension publishes a hardiness class or zone for ordinary garden plants and reserves per-crop temperatures for critical-temperature tables — tree fruit at bloom, berries at bloom, citrus in winter, a few chilling-sensitive tropicals. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the frost alert already runs on it. Every page here was verified to be about this plant before being read, after this sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md).","searched":"2026-08-05"},"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Read the NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox entry for this species in full (https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/anthriscus-cerefolium/) and it states no cold-damage or cold-kill temperature — like every toolbox entry it gives a USDA hardiness ZONE range instead, which we already hold as hardiness_zone_min and hardiness_zone_max. That follows eleven other extension URL families swept for this crop on the same day (Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA, Missouri Botanical) which returned no page for it or no figure on the page. Across 150-plus verified-genuine pages the whole sweep produced two usable figures, and that IS the finding: extension publishes a hardiness class or zone for ordinary garden plants and reserves per-crop temperatures for critical-temperature tables — tree fruit at bloom, berries at bloom, citrus in winter, a few chilling-sensitive tropicals. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the frost alert already runs on it. Every page here was verified to be about this plant before being read, after this sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md).","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":5,"orgs":["NC State Extension","The Herb Society of America","University of Illinois Extension","University of Missouri Extension","West Coast Seeds"]},"varieties":[]},{"slug":"chickpea","name":"Chickpea (garbanzo bean)","display":"Chickpea","botanical":"Cicer arietinum","family":"Fabaceae","kind":"food_crop","category":"legume","lifecycle":"annual","variety_count":2,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"low","frost_sensitivity":"half_hardy","fertility":"low","soil_ph":{"v":"6–8","min":6,"max":8,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["loam","sandy","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"3–4 in","min":3,"max":4,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"18–24 in","min":18,"max":24,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"1–2.5 in","min":1,"max":2.5,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"84–125 days","min":84,"max":125,"unit":"days","basis":"seed","by_basis":{"seed":{"v":"84–125 days","min":84,"max":125}}},"mature_height":{"v":"2–3 ft","min":24,"max":36,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"1–2 ft","min":12,"max":24,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"5–7 gal","min":5,"max":7,"unit":"gal","rm":"min_to_recommended"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost":{"max":0,"min":-21},"days_to_germination":{"max":14,"min":7}},"harvest_cues":["pods_filling"],"propagation":["direct_sow"],"pests":["aphids","seed_corn_maggot","cutworms","wireworms","armyworms","leafminers","lygus_bugs","stink_bugs"],"diseases":["ascochyta_blight","fusarium_wilt","white_mold","root_rot","damping_off","viruses"],"edible_parts":["seed","fruit"],"searched":["frost_damage_temp","frost_kill_temp"],"searched_why":{"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"NO EXTENSION PUBLICATION COVERING THIS CROP WAS FOUND, which is a different finding from a page that omits the figure and is recorded as such. Tried on 2026-08-05: twelve extension URL families (Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA, Missouri Botanical, Cornell's vegetable guides, UF/IFAS EDIS), the NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox addressed by this crop's own botanical name, and a targeted name search of the extension domains. Every candidate returned a not-found page — verified as not-found by title rather than by status code, after this sweep caught a university CMS serving its 404 with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md). Peer-reviewed freezing-stress studies on chickpea DO exist and give numbers — seedling survival falling to zero after five hours at -10 to -12 C — and they were deliberately not used. Our reference frame for this field is air temperature at the plant for roughly 30 minutes, unprotected; a five-hour growth-chamber exposure is a different measurement, and filing it here would put a laboratory number where a gardener reads a forecast. The crop's frost_sensitivity class is recorded and the frost alert runs on it; what is missing is only the per-crop temperature, which for this crop US extension does not appear to publish at all.","searched":"2026-08-05"},"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"NO EXTENSION PUBLICATION COVERING THIS CROP WAS FOUND, which is a different finding from a page that omits the figure and is recorded as such. Tried on 2026-08-05: twelve extension URL families (Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA, Missouri Botanical, Cornell's vegetable guides, UF/IFAS EDIS), the NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox addressed by this crop's own botanical name, and a targeted name search of the extension domains. Every candidate returned a not-found page — verified as not-found by title rather than by status code, after this sweep caught a university CMS serving its 404 with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md). Peer-reviewed freezing-stress studies on chickpea DO exist and give numbers — seedling survival falling to zero after five hours at -10 to -12 C — and they were deliberately not used. Our reference frame for this field is air temperature at the plant for roughly 30 minutes, unprotected; a five-hour growth-chamber exposure is a different measurement, and filing it here would put a laboratory number where a gardener reads a forecast. The crop's frost_sensitivity class is recorded and the frost alert runs on it; what is missing is only the per-crop temperature, which for this crop US extension does not appear to publish at all.","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":2,"orgs":["Oregon State University Extension Service","University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources (UC ANR)"]},"varieties":[]},{"slug":"chives","name":"Chives (common chives)","display":"Chive","botanical":"Allium schoenoprasum","family":"Amaryllidaceae","kind":"herb","category":"herb","lifecycle":"perennial","variety_count":7,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"very_hardy","fertility":"low","zones":{"v":"4–8","min":4,"max":8,"unit":"usda_zone"},"soil_ph":{"v":"6–7","min":6,"max":7,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["loam","sandy_loam","clay","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"4–12 in","min":4,"max":12,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"12–20 in","min":12,"max":20,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"0.25 in","min":0.25,"max":0.25,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"30 days","min":30,"max":30,"unit":"days","basis":"transplant","by_basis":{"seed":{"v":"60 days","min":60,"max":60},"transplant":{"v":"30 days","min":30,"max":30}}},"years_to_harvest":{"v":"0–1 yr","min":0,"max":1,"unit":"yr"},"mature_height":{"v":"8–18 in","min":8,"max":18,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"12–18 in","min":12,"max":18,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"1–3 gal","min":1,"max":3,"unit":"gal","rm":"min_to_recommended"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"start_indoors_weeks_before_last_frost":{"max":8,"min":6},"transplant_days_after_last_frost":{"max":14,"min":0},"direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost":{"max":14,"min":-14},"days_to_germination":{"max":21,"min":7}},"harvest_cues":["rapid_leaf_growth"],"propagation":["seed","division"],"pests":["thrips","onion_maggot","bulb_mites"],"diseases":["pink_root","downy_mildew","root_rot"],"edible_parts":["leaf","flower"],"pet_toxicity":["toxic_to_dogs","toxic_to_cats","toxic_to_horses"],"searched":["frost_damage_temp","frost_kill_temp"],"searched_why":{"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"Read Utah State University Extension's \"How to Grow Chives in Your Garden\" page in full — the series that supplied our broccoli, cabbage, celery, radicchio and kale figures — and it states no cold-damage or cold-survival temperature for this crop. Its Fahrenheit figures are sowing soil minimums, germination optima, heat ceilings and storage conditions. Page confirmed genuine by title and by mention count, after a sweep on this date found Utah State serving its \"Page Not Found\" page with an HTTP 200 and 40KB of chrome — 23 crops nearly received a note claiming a search that never happened (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md).","searched":"2026-08-05"},"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Read Utah State University Extension's \"How to Grow Chives in Your Garden\" page in full — the series that supplied our broccoli, cabbage, celery, radicchio and kale figures — and it states no cold-damage or cold-survival temperature for this crop. Its Fahrenheit figures are sowing soil minimums, germination optima, heat ceilings and storage conditions. Page confirmed genuine by title and by mention count, after a sweep on this date found Utah State serving its \"Page Not Found\" page with an HTTP 200 and 40KB of chrome — 23 crops nearly received a note claiming a search that never happened (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md).","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":8,"orgs":["ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center","Michigan State University Extension","Missouri Botanical Garden","NC State Extension","University of Illinois Extension","University of Minnesota Extension","University of Wisconsin-Madison Division of Extension","Utah State University Extension"]},"varieties":[{"slug":"garlic-chives","name":"Garlic Chives","variety_type":"garlic","color":["white"],"heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"30","dtm_basis":"transplant"}]},{"slug":"cilantro","name":"Cilantro (coriander)","display":"Cilantro","botanical":"Coriandrum sativum","family":"Apiaceae","kind":"herb","category":"herb","lifecycle":"annual","variety_count":9,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"half_hardy","fertility":"low","soil_ph":{"v":"6–7","min":6,"max":7,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["loam","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"2–12 in","min":2,"max":12,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"12–15 in","min":12,"max":15,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"0.25–0.5 in","min":0.25,"max":0.5,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"45–80 days","min":45,"max":80,"unit":"days","basis":"seed","by_basis":{"seed":{"v":"45–80 days","min":45,"max":80}}},"mature_height":{"v":"1–3 ft","min":12,"max":36,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"1–2 ft","min":12,"max":24,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"1–3 gal","min":1,"max":3,"unit":"gal","rm":"min_to_recommended"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost":{"max":14,"min":-14},"days_to_germination":{"max":21,"min":7}},"harvest_cues":["rapid_leaf_growth","fruit_coloring"],"propagation":["direct_sow"],"pests":["leafhoppers"],"diseases":["aster_yellows","damping_off","bacterial_leaf_spot"],"edible_parts":["leaf","seed","flower","stem","root"],"pet_toxicity":["non_toxic_to_dogs","non_toxic_to_cats","non_toxic_to_horses"],"searched":["frost_damage_temp","frost_kill_temp"],"searched_why":{"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"Read the NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox entry for this species in full (https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/coriandrum-sativum/) and it states no cold-damage or cold-kill temperature — like every toolbox entry it gives a USDA hardiness ZONE range instead, which we already hold as hardiness_zone_min and hardiness_zone_max. That follows eleven other extension URL families swept for this crop on the same day (Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA, Missouri Botanical) which returned no page for it or no figure on the page. Across 150-plus verified-genuine pages the whole sweep produced two usable figures, and that IS the finding: extension publishes a hardiness class or zone for ordinary garden plants and reserves per-crop temperatures for critical-temperature tables — tree fruit at bloom, berries at bloom, citrus in winter, a few chilling-sensitive tropicals. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the frost alert already runs on it. Every page here was verified to be about this plant before being read, after this sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md).","searched":"2026-08-05"},"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Read the NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox entry for this species in full (https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/coriandrum-sativum/) and it states no cold-damage or cold-kill temperature — like every toolbox entry it gives a USDA hardiness ZONE range instead, which we already hold as hardiness_zone_min and hardiness_zone_max. That follows eleven other extension URL families swept for this crop on the same day (Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA, Missouri Botanical) which returned no page for it or no figure on the page. Across 150-plus verified-genuine pages the whole sweep produced two usable figures, and that IS the finding: extension publishes a hardiness class or zone for ordinary garden plants and reserves per-crop temperatures for critical-temperature tables — tree fruit at bloom, berries at bloom, citrus in winter, a few chilling-sensitive tropicals. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the frost alert already runs on it. Every page here was verified to be about this plant before being read, after this sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md).","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":11,"orgs":["ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center","Clemson Cooperative Extension (Home & Garden Information Center)","NC State Extension","New York Botanical Garden (LuEsther T. Mertz Library)","UC Master Gardener Program of Sonoma County (UC ANR)","University of Illinois Extension","University of Maryland Extension","University of Wisconsin-Madison Division of Extension","Utah State University Extension","West Coast Seeds"]},"varieties":[]},{"slug":"collards","name":"Collards","display":"Collard","botanical":"Brassica oleracea Collards Group","family":"Brassicaceae","kind":"food_crop","category":"leafy_green","lifecycle":"biennial","variety_count":12,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"hardy","frost_kill_temp":{"v":"20 °F","min":20,"max":20,"unit":"°F","stg":"standing_crop","rdg":"tolerance_floor"},"fertility":"moderate","zones":{"v":"2–11","min":2,"max":11,"unit":"usda_zone"},"soil_ph":{"v":"6–6.5","min":6,"max":6.5,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["loam","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"12–24 in","min":12,"max":24,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"30–36 in","min":30,"max":36,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"0.25–0.5 in","min":0.25,"max":0.5,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"50–70 days","min":50,"max":70,"unit":"days","basis":"transplant","by_basis":{"seed":{"v":"70–90 days","min":70,"max":90},"transplant":{"v":"50–70 days","min":50,"max":70}}},"mature_height":{"v":"1–6 ft","min":12,"max":72,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"1–2 ft","min":12,"max":24,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"4–6 gal","min":4,"max":6,"unit":"gal","rm":"min_to_recommended"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"start_indoors_weeks_before_last_frost":{"max":8,"min":6},"transplant_days_after_last_frost":{"max":-7,"min":-21},"direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost":{"max":-21,"min":-28},"fall_sow_calendar":[{"curation_status":"source_verified","from":"08-01","not_recommended":false,"place":"South Carolina — Piedmont","to":"09-30"},{"curation_status":"source_verified","from":"08-01","not_recommended":false,"place":"South Carolina — Coastal Plain","to":"10-30"}],"days_to_germination":{"max":10,"min":5}},"harvest_cues":["rapid_leaf_growth"],"propagation":["direct_sow","transplant"],"pests":["aphids","imported_cabbageworm","cabbage_looper","diamondback_moth","flea_beetles","harlequin_bug","cabbage_maggot"],"diseases":["black_rot","downy_mildew","alternaria_leaf_spot","clubroot","fusarium_yellows","bacterial_leaf_blight"],"edible_parts":["leaf"],"searched":["frost_damage_temp"],"searched_why":{"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"Swept ten extension URL families for this crop on 2026-08-05 — Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA and Missouri Botanical Garden — and read in full every page that genuinely covers it. None states a temperature at which the plant takes cold damage or dies. Every page was verified to be about this crop before being read, after the same sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" page with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md). Across 100-plus pages the sweep produced two usable figures, which is the finding: extension publishes a hardiness CLASS for ordinary garden crops, not a per-crop temperature. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the alert engine already uses it.","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":12,"orgs":["Clemson Cooperative Extension, Home & Garden Information Center","Harvest to Table","Missouri Botanical Garden","NC State Extension","University of Florida IFAS Extension","University of Illinois Extension","University of Maryland Extension","University of Minnesota Extension"]},"varieties":[]},{"slug":"corn-sweet","name":"Corn, sweet","display":"Sweet Corn","botanical":"Zea mays","family":"Poaceae","kind":"food_crop","category":"grain_vegetable","lifecycle":"annual","variety_count":48,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"tender","fertility":"heavy","soil_ph":{"v":"6–6.5","min":6,"max":6.5,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["loam","clay","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"8–12 in","min":8,"max":12,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"30–36 in","min":30,"max":36,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"1–2 in","min":1,"max":2,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"60–100 days","min":60,"max":100,"unit":"days","basis":"seed","by_basis":{"seed":{"v":"60–100 days","min":60,"max":100}}},"mature_height":{"v":"5–8 ft","min":60,"max":96,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"1–2 ft","min":12,"max":24,"unit":"in"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost":{"max":14,"min":0},"days_to_germination":{"max":10,"min":7}},"harvest_cues":["silks_visible","fruit_sizing"],"propagation":["direct_sow","transplant"],"pests":["corn_earworm","european_corn_borer","fall_armyworm","cutworms","aphids","flea_beetles","seed_corn_maggot","southern_corn_rootworm","wireworms","japanese_beetle"],"diseases":["corn_smut","common_rust","damping_off","seedling_rot"],"edible_parts":["seed"],"searched":["container_min_volume","frost_damage_temp","frost_kill_temp","start_indoors_weeks_before_last_frost","transplant_days_after_last_frost"],"searched_why":{"container_min_volume":{"note":"Both University of Maryland container pages read directly: neither names corn at any gallon figure. One of them, \"Growing Vegetables in Containers and Salad Tables\", does place it in a named list — \"More challenging vegetables for container growing include melons, corn, potatoes, and sweet potatoes\" — which is a suitability statement, not a size, so it cannot fill this field, but it is a real citation for the poor-container-crop framing an earlier pass asserted without one. Also read Alabama Cooperative Extension's \"Grow More Sweet Corn\" (ANR-2876-HH): the same per-crop series that gives dill, lettuce, kohlrabi, onion and watermelon an explicit container-size line has NO container line at all for corn — a meaningful absence given the series' own consistent template. Two independent extension families corroborate the refusal; no gallon figure exists to record.","searched":"2026-08-07"},"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"Read Utah State University Extension's own page for this crop in full (https://extension.usu.edu/yardandgarden/research/sweet-corn-in-the-garden) — the page series that supplied the broccoli, cabbage, celery, radicchio and kale figures we do hold — and it publishes NO cold-tolerance temperature for this crop. Its only Fahrenheit figures are sowing soil minimums, germination optima, heat ceilings and post-harvest storage. Also read three multi-crop references: Michigan State's fall-vegetable freeze-damage guide, Oregon State's cold-hardy vegetable list and Iowa State's cold-and-freeze-damage page. All three sort crops into hardiness CATEGORIES (hard-frost-hardy under 28 F, light-frost-hardy 28-32 F, light-frost-susceptible) and none states a per-crop temperature. We already hold that category as frost_sensitivity, so copying a band edge in here would restate the class as if it were a measurement. The extensions also disagree about which band some crops belong in, which is the clearest sign the band is a judgment rather than a figure.","searched":"2026-08-05"},"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Read Utah State University Extension's own page for this crop in full (https://extension.usu.edu/yardandgarden/research/sweet-corn-in-the-garden) — the page series that supplied the broccoli, cabbage, celery, radicchio and kale figures we do hold — and it publishes NO cold-tolerance temperature for this crop. Its only Fahrenheit figures are sowing soil minimums, germination optima, heat ceilings and post-harvest storage. Also read three multi-crop references: Michigan State's fall-vegetable freeze-damage guide, Oregon State's cold-hardy vegetable list and Iowa State's cold-and-freeze-damage page. All three sort crops into hardiness CATEGORIES (hard-frost-hardy under 28 F, light-frost-hardy 28-32 F, light-frost-susceptible) and none states a per-crop temperature. We already hold that category as frost_sensitivity, so copying a band edge in here would restate the class as if it were a measurement. The extensions also disagree about which band some crops belong in, which is the clearest sign the band is a judgment rather than a figure.","searched":"2026-08-05"},"start_indoors_weeks_before_last_frost":{"note":"No source we read gives one: \"corn is transplantable but no source gives a frost-relative day count — deferred, NOT N/A.\"","searched":"2026-08-11"},"transplant_days_after_last_frost":{"note":"No source we read gives one: \"corn is transplantable but no source gives a frost-relative day count — deferred, NOT N/A.\"","searched":"2026-08-11"}},"sources":{"count":7,"orgs":["Clemson Cooperative Extension HGIC","Iowa State University Extension and Outreach","NC State Extension","University of Maryland Extension","University of Minnesota Extension","Utah State University Extension"]},"varieties":[{"slug":"ambrosia-corn-sweet","name":"Ambrosia Sweet Corn","variety_type":"se_sugary_enhanced","color":["bicolor"],"hybrid":true,"days_to_maturity":"75","dtm_basis":"seed"},{"slug":"bodacious-corn-sweet","name":"Bodacious Sweet Corn","variety_type":"se_sugary_enhanced","color":["yellow"],"hybrid":true,"days_to_maturity":"75","dtm_basis":"seed"},{"slug":"peaches-and-cream-corn-sweet","name":"Peaches and Cream Sweet Corn","variety_type":"se_sugary_enhanced","color":["bicolor"],"hybrid":true,"days_to_maturity":"83","dtm_basis":"seed"}]},{"slug":"cornflower","name":"Cornflower (bachelor's button)","display":"Cornflower","botanical":"Centaurea cyanus","family":"Asteraceae","kind":"ornamental","category":"flower","lifecycle":"annual","variety_count":16,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"hardy","fertility":"low","soil_ph":{"v":"6–7.5","min":6,"max":7.5,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["clay","loam","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"6–12 in","min":6,"max":12,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"12–18 in","min":12,"max":18,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"0.25 in","min":0.25,"max":0.25,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"50–70 days","min":50,"max":70,"unit":"days","basis":"transplant","by_basis":{"seed":{"v":"65–90 days","min":65,"max":90},"transplant":{"v":"50–70 days","min":50,"max":70}}},"mature_height":{"v":"1–3 ft","min":12,"max":36,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"1–2 ft","min":12,"max":24,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"1–2 gal","min":1,"max":2,"unit":"gal","rm":"min_to_recommended"},"needs_support":true,"timing":{"start_indoors_weeks_before_last_frost":{"max":8,"min":6},"transplant_days_after_last_frost":{"max":7,"min":-7},"direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost":{"max":0,"min":-14},"days_to_germination":{"max":14,"min":7}},"harvest_cues":["first_flowers"],"propagation":["direct_sow","transplant"],"pests":["aphids","mealybugs"],"diseases":["wilt","rust","stem_rot"],"edible_parts":["flower"],"pet_toxicity":["non_toxic_to_cats","non_toxic_to_dogs","non_toxic_to_horses"],"searched":["frost_damage_temp","frost_kill_temp"],"searched_why":{"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"Read the NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox entry for this species in full (https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/centaurea-cyanus/) and it states no cold-damage or cold-kill temperature — like every toolbox entry it gives a USDA hardiness ZONE range instead, which we already hold as hardiness_zone_min and hardiness_zone_max. That follows eleven other extension URL families swept for this crop on the same day (Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA, Missouri Botanical) which returned no page for it or no figure on the page. Across 150-plus verified-genuine pages the whole sweep produced two usable figures, and that IS the finding: extension publishes a hardiness class or zone for ordinary garden plants and reserves per-crop temperatures for critical-temperature tables — tree fruit at bloom, berries at bloom, citrus in winter, a few chilling-sensitive tropicals. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the frost alert already runs on it. Every page here was verified to be about this plant before being read, after this sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md).","searched":"2026-08-05"},"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Read the NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox entry for this species in full (https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/centaurea-cyanus/) and it states no cold-damage or cold-kill temperature — like every toolbox entry it gives a USDA hardiness ZONE range instead, which we already hold as hardiness_zone_min and hardiness_zone_max. That follows eleven other extension URL families swept for this crop on the same day (Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA, Missouri Botanical) which returned no page for it or no figure on the page. Across 150-plus verified-genuine pages the whole sweep produced two usable figures, and that IS the finding: extension publishes a hardiness class or zone for ordinary garden plants and reserves per-crop temperatures for critical-temperature tables — tree fruit at bloom, berries at bloom, citrus in winter, a few chilling-sensitive tropicals. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the frost alert already runs on it. Every page here was verified to be about this plant before being read, after this sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md).","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":5,"orgs":["Johnny's Selected Seeds","Missouri Botanical Garden","NC State Extension","University of Florida IFAS Extension","University of Illinois Extension"]},"varieties":[]},{"slug":"cosmos","name":"Cosmos (garden cosmos)","display":"Cosmos","botanical":"Cosmos bipinnatus","family":"Asteraceae","kind":"ornamental","category":"flower","lifecycle":"annual","variety_count":28,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"low","frost_sensitivity":"tender","growth_habit":["upright"],"fertility":"low","soil_ph":{"v":"6–8","min":6,"max":8,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["clay","loam","sandy","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"12–36 in","min":12,"max":36,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"18–36 in","min":18,"max":36,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"0.125 in","min":0.125,"max":0.125,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"42–70 days","min":42,"max":70,"unit":"days","basis":"transplant","by_basis":{"seed":{"v":"50–85 days","min":50,"max":85},"transplant":{"v":"42–70 days","min":42,"max":70}}},"mature_height":{"v":"1–6 ft","min":12,"max":72,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"2–3 ft","min":24,"max":36,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"2–5 gal","min":2,"max":5,"unit":"gal","rm":"min_to_recommended"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"start_indoors_weeks_before_last_frost":{"max":8,"min":6},"transplant_days_after_last_frost":{"max":14,"min":0},"direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost":{"max":14,"min":0},"days_to_germination":{"max":21,"min":7}},"harvest_cues":["first_flowers"],"propagation":["direct_sow","transplant"],"pests":["aphids","leafhoppers","loopers"],"diseases":["powdery_mildew","stem_canker","gray_mold","southern_blight"],"searched":["edible_parts","frost_damage_temp","frost_kill_temp"],"searched_why":{"edible_parts":{"note":"No source we read gives one: \"cosmos petals are widely eaten but NO fetched source states edibility, so OMITTED not inferred.\" A clean statement of the fence: widely-known is not sourced. We knew the popular answer and declined to write it down without a citation. And the page is NOT silent on the thing that matters here: no toxicity is recorded either way, and that absence is itself deliberate — the same batch omitted human_toxicity rather than infer safety from silence.","searched":"2026-08-11"},"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"Swept ten extension URL families for this crop on 2026-08-05 — Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA and Missouri Botanical Garden — and read in full every page that genuinely covers it. None states a temperature at which the plant takes cold damage or dies. Every page was verified to be about this crop before being read, after the same sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" page with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md). Across 100-plus pages the sweep produced two usable figures, which is the finding: extension publishes a hardiness CLASS for ordinary garden crops, not a per-crop temperature. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the alert engine already uses it.","searched":"2026-08-05"},"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Swept ten extension URL families for this crop on 2026-08-05 — Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA and Missouri Botanical Garden — and read in full every page that genuinely covers it. None states a temperature at which the plant takes cold damage or dies. Every page was verified to be about this crop before being read, after the same sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" page with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md). Across 100-plus pages the sweep produced two usable figures, which is the finding: extension publishes a hardiness CLASS for ordinary garden crops, not a per-crop temperature. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the alert engine already uses it.","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":5,"orgs":["Johnny's Selected Seeds","Missouri Botanical Garden","NC State Extension","University of Illinois Extension","Utah State University Extension"]},"varieties":[{"slug":"apricotta-cosmos","name":"Apricotta Cosmos","color":["pink"],"days_to_maturity":"42–70","dtm_basis":"transplant"}]},{"slug":"cowpea","name":"Cowpea (southern pea / black-eyed pea)","display":"Cowpea","botanical":"Vigna unguiculata","family":"Fabaceae","kind":"food_crop","category":"legume","lifecycle":"annual","variety_count":22,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"low","frost_sensitivity":"tender","growth_habit":["bush","vining"],"fertility":"low","soil_ph":{"v":"5.5–6.5","min":5.5,"max":6.5,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["sandy","loam","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"3–4 in","min":3,"max":4,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"20–42 in","min":20,"max":42,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"0.75–1.5 in","min":0.75,"max":1.5,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"60–80 days","min":60,"max":80,"unit":"days","basis":"seed","by_basis":{"seed":{"v":"60–80 days","min":60,"max":80}}},"mature_height":{"v":"1.5–3 ft","min":18,"max":36,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"1–3 ft","min":12,"max":36,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"5 gal","min":5,"max":5,"unit":"gal"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost":{"max":21,"min":7},"days_to_germination":{"max":10,"min":7}},"harvest_cues":["pods_filling"],"propagation":["direct_sow"],"pests":["aphids","armyworms","cutworms","loopers","planthoppers"],"diseases":["fusarium_wilt","root_knot_nematodes","powdery_mildew","rust"],"edible_parts":["fruit","seed"],"searched":["frost_damage_temp","frost_kill_temp"],"searched_why":{"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"Read the NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox entry for this species in full (https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/vigna-unguiculata/) and it states no cold-damage or cold-kill temperature — like every toolbox entry it gives a USDA hardiness ZONE range instead, which we already hold as hardiness_zone_min and hardiness_zone_max. That follows eleven other extension URL families swept for this crop on the same day (Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA, Missouri Botanical) which returned no page for it or no figure on the page. Across 150-plus verified-genuine pages the whole sweep produced two usable figures, and that IS the finding: extension publishes a hardiness class or zone for ordinary garden plants and reserves per-crop temperatures for critical-temperature tables — tree fruit at bloom, berries at bloom, citrus in winter, a few chilling-sensitive tropicals. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the frost alert already runs on it. Every page here was verified to be about this plant before being read, after this sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md).","searched":"2026-08-05"},"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Read the NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox entry for this species in full (https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/vigna-unguiculata/) and it states no cold-damage or cold-kill temperature — like every toolbox entry it gives a USDA hardiness ZONE range instead, which we already hold as hardiness_zone_min and hardiness_zone_max. That follows eleven other extension URL families swept for this crop on the same day (Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA, Missouri Botanical) which returned no page for it or no figure on the page. Across 150-plus verified-genuine pages the whole sweep produced two usable figures, and that IS the finding: extension publishes a hardiness class or zone for ordinary garden plants and reserves per-crop temperatures for critical-temperature tables — tree fruit at bloom, berries at bloom, citrus in winter, a few chilling-sensitive tropicals. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the frost alert already runs on it. Every page here was verified to be about this plant before being read, after this sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md).","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":10,"orgs":["Clemson Cooperative Extension HGIC","LSU AgCenter","LSU AgCenter (Ferguson)","Mississippi State University Extension","NC State Extension","Texas A&M AgriLife Extension (Masabni)","Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service","UC Agriculture and Natural Resources","UW-Madison Corn Agronomy (Alternative Field Crops Manual)","University of Georgia Extension"]},"varieties":[]},{"slug":"crimson-clover","name":"Crimson Clover","display":"Crimson Clover","botanical":"Trifolium incarnatum","family":"Fabaceae","kind":"cover_crop","category":"cover_crop","lifecycle":"annual","variety_count":6,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"hardy","fertility":"low","soil_ph":{"v":"5.5–7","min":5.5,"max":7,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["well_drained","loam","sandy_loam","sandy","clay"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"1–3 in","min":1,"max":3,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"6–8 in","min":6,"max":8,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"0.25–0.75 in","min":0.25,"max":0.75,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"180–240 days","min":180,"max":240,"unit":"days","basis":"seed","by_basis":{"seed":{"v":"180–240 days","min":180,"max":240}}},"mature_height":{"v":"1–3 ft","min":12,"max":36,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"1–3 ft","min":12,"max":36,"unit":"in"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost":{"max":14,"min":0},"days_to_germination":7},"harvest_cues":["first_flowers","pods_visible"],"propagation":["direct_sow"],"pests":["clover_head_weevil","corn_earworm","cotton_bollworm","root_knot_nematodes"],"diseases":["crown_rot","stem_rot","sooty_blotch_clover","viruses"],"searched":["frost_damage_temp","frost_kill_temp"],"searched_why":{"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"Read the SARE \"Managing Cover Crops Profitably\" chapter for this crop end to end — the same publication that gives hairy vetch its 5 F stand-kill figure, so the shape of statement we want demonstrably appears in this series. It is not there for this crop. The cereal rye chapter's only Fahrenheit figures are a 34 F germination floor and a 38-40 F growth threshold; the oats, crimson clover and annual ryegrass chapters contain no Fahrenheit figure at all. SARE and the extension guides describe winterkill for these crops in USDA hardiness zones and in phrases like \"prolonged freezing temperatures\", and are explicit that whether a stand winterkills depends on growth stage and snow cover as much as on the low — which is a fair reason no single number is published.","searched":"2026-08-05"},"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Read the SARE \"Managing Cover Crops Profitably\" chapter for this crop end to end — the same publication that gives hairy vetch its 5 F stand-kill figure, so the shape of statement we want demonstrably appears in this series. It is not there for this crop. The cereal rye chapter's only Fahrenheit figures are a 34 F germination floor and a 38-40 F growth threshold; the oats, crimson clover and annual ryegrass chapters contain no Fahrenheit figure at all. SARE and the extension guides describe winterkill for these crops in USDA hardiness zones and in phrases like \"prolonged freezing temperatures\", and are explicit that whether a stand winterkills depends on growth stage and snow cover as much as on the low — which is a fair reason no single number is published.","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":5,"orgs":["Clemson Cooperative Extension","Michigan State University Extension","NC State Extension","SARE (Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education)","USDA NRCS (Natural Resources Conservation Service)"]},"varieties":[]},{"slug":"cucamelon","name":"Cucamelon","display":"Cucamelon","botanical":"Melothria scabra","family":"Cucurbitaceae","kind":"food_crop","category":"fruiting_vegetable","lifecycle":"annual","variety_count":1,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"tender","fertility":"moderate","soil_ph":{"v":"6–6.8","min":6,"max":6.8,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"9–12 in","min":9,"max":12,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"47–79 in","min":47,"max":79,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"0.25–0.5 in","min":0.25,"max":0.5,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"55–75 days","min":55,"max":75,"unit":"days","basis":"transplant","by_basis":{"seed":{"v":"70–90 days","min":70,"max":90},"transplant":{"v":"55–75 days","min":55,"max":75}}},"mature_height":{"v":"10 ft","min":120,"max":120,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"10 ft","min":120,"max":120,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"3–5 gal","min":3,"max":5,"unit":"gal","rm":"min_to_recommended"},"needs_support":true,"timing":{"start_indoors_weeks_before_last_frost":{"max":6,"min":4},"transplant_days_after_last_frost":{"max":14,"min":0},"direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost":{"max":14,"min":0},"days_to_germination":10},"harvest_cues":["fruit_sizing"],"propagation":["direct_sow","transplant"],"pests":["aphids","spider_mites","leafhoppers","squash_bugs"],"diseases":["powdery_mildew","downy_mildew","bacterial_wilt"],"edible_parts":["fruit"],"searched":["frost_damage_temp","frost_kill_temp"],"searched_why":{"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"NO EXTENSION PUBLICATION COVERING THIS CROP WAS FOUND, which is a different finding from a page that omits the figure and is recorded as such. Tried on 2026-08-05: twelve extension URL families (Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA, Missouri Botanical, Cornell's vegetable guides, UF/IFAS EDIS), the NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox addressed by this crop's own botanical name, and a targeted name search of the extension domains. Every candidate returned a not-found page — verified as not-found by title rather than by status code, after this sweep caught a university CMS serving its 404 with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md). Cucamelon (Melothria scabra) is too new to US home gardening to have picked up extension coverage. The crop's frost_sensitivity class is recorded and the frost alert runs on it; what is missing is only the per-crop temperature, which for this crop US extension does not appear to publish at all.","searched":"2026-08-05"},"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"NO EXTENSION PUBLICATION COVERING THIS CROP WAS FOUND, which is a different finding from a page that omits the figure and is recorded as such. Tried on 2026-08-05: twelve extension URL families (Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA, Missouri Botanical, Cornell's vegetable guides, UF/IFAS EDIS), the NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox addressed by this crop's own botanical name, and a targeted name search of the extension domains. Every candidate returned a not-found page — verified as not-found by title rather than by status code, after this sweep caught a university CMS serving its 404 with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md). Cucamelon (Melothria scabra) is too new to US home gardening to have picked up extension coverage. The crop's frost_sensitivity class is recorded and the frost alert runs on it; what is missing is only the per-crop temperature, which for this crop US extension does not appear to publish at all.","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":4,"orgs":["Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Agribusiness","Penn State Extension","University of Georgia Extension","University of Wisconsin-Madison Division of Extension"]},"varieties":[{"slug":"mexican-sour-gherkin-cucamelon","name":"Mexican Sour Gherkin","variety_type":"specialty","color":["green"],"heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"67","dtm_basis":"seed"}]},{"slug":"cucumbers","name":"Cucumbers","display":"Cucumber","botanical":"Cucumis sativus","family":"Cucurbitaceae","kind":"food_crop","category":"fruiting_vegetable","lifecycle":"annual","variety_count":54,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"tender","frost_damage_temp":{"v":"33 °F","min":33,"max":33,"unit":"°F","stg":"chilling","rdg":"threshold"},"fertility":"moderate","soil_ph":{"v":"6–6.5","min":6,"max":6.5,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["sandy_loam","loam","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"8–12 in","min":8,"max":12,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"48–72 in","min":48,"max":72,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"0.5–1 in","min":0.5,"max":1,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"50–70 days","min":50,"max":70,"unit":"days","basis":"seed","by_basis":{"seed":{"v":"50–70 days","min":50,"max":70}}},"weeks_indoors_before_planting_out":{"v":"3 wk","min":3,"max":3,"unit":"wk"},"mature_height":{"v":"8–18 in","min":8,"max":18,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"3–8 ft","min":36,"max":96,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"5–10 gal","min":5,"max":10,"unit":"gal","rm":"min_to_recommended"},"needs_support":true,"timing":{"start_indoors_weeks_before_last_frost":4,"start_indoors_weeks_before_transplant":3,"fall_sow_calendar":[{"curation_status":"source_verified","from":"08-01","not_recommended":false,"place":"South Carolina — Piedmont","to":"09-30"},{"curation_status":"source_verified","from":"08-01","not_recommended":false,"place":"South Carolina — Coastal Plain","to":"08-30"}],"days_to_germination":{"max":10,"min":5}},"harvest_cues":["fruit_sizing"],"propagation":["direct_sow","transplant"],"pests":["aphids","cucumber_beetles","striped_cucumber_beetle","spotted_cucumber_beetle","spider_mites","pickleworm","whiteflies","squash_vine_borer"],"diseases":["powdery_mildew","downy_mildew","bacterial_wilt","anthracnose","angular_leaf_spot","mosaic_virus","gummy_stem_blight","target_spot","belly_rot"],"edible_parts":["fruit"],"pet_toxicity":["non_toxic_to_dogs","non_toxic_to_cats","non_toxic_to_horses"],"searched":["frost_kill_temp","transplant_days_after_last_frost"],"searched_why":{"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Utah State University Extension states this crop's frost_damage_temp (33 F, chilling) and states NO separate temperature at which the plant is lost, and no other publication read in the 2026-08-05 sweep across twelve extension URL families supplies one. That is the normal shape outside the critical-temperature tables: those tables print a 10% and a 90% column together, which is where every paired record we hold comes from, and an ordinary crop page names one threshold or the other. LEAVING THIS EMPTY IS THE CORRECT OUTCOME, not a gap to fill later by inference. The two fields are read as a pair, so a guessed kill figure would manufacture a safety margin nobody measured — and the engine would print that margin to a gardener as if it were a fact. Where the crop is lost outright below the damage point, its frost_sensitivity class already says so and the alert already fires from it.","searched":"2026-08-05"},"transplant_days_after_last_frost":{"note":"No source we read gives one: \"sources say only 'after the last frost date', no numeric.\" Every source names the right anchor and then declines to put a day count on it, which is the commonest shape in this whole group.","searched":"2026-08-11"}},"sources":{"count":11,"orgs":["ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center","Clemson Cooperative Extension HGIC","Clemson Cooperative Extension, Home & Garden Information Center","NC State Extension","University of Maryland Extension","University of Minnesota Extension","Utah State University Extension"]},"varieties":[{"slug":"armenian-cucumbers","name":"Armenian Cucumber","variety_type":"specialty","color":["green"],"heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"63","dtm_basis":"seed"},{"slug":"beit-alpha-cucumbers","name":"Beit Alpha Cucumber","variety_type":"beit_alpha","color":["green"],"hybrid":true,"days_to_maturity":"52","dtm_basis":"seed"},{"slug":"boston-pickling-cucumbers","name":"Boston Pickling Cucumber","variety_type":"pickling","color":["green"],"heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"52","dtm_basis":"seed"},{"slug":"burpless-cucumbers","name":"Burpless Cucumber","variety_type":"slicing","color":["green"],"hybrid":true,"days_to_maturity":"60","dtm_basis":"seed"},{"slug":"bush-champion-cucumbers","name":"Bush Champion Cucumber","variety_type":"slicing","color":["green"],"days_to_maturity":"60–70","dtm_basis":"seed"},{"slug":"bush-pickle-cucumbers","name":"Bush Pickle Cucumber","variety_type":"pickling","color":["green"],"hybrid":true,"days_to_maturity":"54","dtm_basis":"seed"},{"slug":"diva-cucumbers","name":"Diva Cucumber","variety_type":"slicing","color":["green"],"hybrid":true,"days_to_maturity":"58","dtm_basis":"seed"},{"slug":"lemon-cucumbers","name":"Lemon Cucumber","variety_type":"specialty","color":["yellow"],"heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"65","dtm_basis":"seed"},{"slug":"marketmore-76-cucumbers","name":"Marketmore 76 Cucumber","variety_type":"slicing","color":["green"],"days_to_maturity":"65","dtm_basis":"seed"},{"slug":"muncher-cucumbers","name":"Muncher Cucumber","variety_type":"slicing","color":["green"],"days_to_maturity":"60","dtm_basis":"seed"},{"slug":"national-pickling-cucumbers","name":"National Pickling Cucumber","variety_type":"pickling","color":["green"],"heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"52","dtm_basis":"seed"},{"slug":"persian-cucumbers","name":"Persian Cucumber","variety_type":"mini","color":["green"],"hybrid":true,"days_to_maturity":"55","dtm_basis":"seed"},{"slug":"straight-eight-cucumbers","name":"Straight Eight Cucumber","variety_type":"slicing","color":["green"],"heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"63","dtm_basis":"seed"},{"slug":"suyo-long-cucumbers","name":"Suyo Long Cucumber","variety_type":"asian_long","color":["green"],"heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"61","dtm_basis":"seed"},{"slug":"sweet-success-cucumbers","name":"Sweet Success Cucumber","variety_type":"slicing","color":["green"],"hybrid":true,"days_to_maturity":"58","dtm_basis":"seed"}]},{"slug":"currant","name":"Currant","display":"Currant","botanical":"Ribes rubrum / Ribes nigrum","family":"Grossulariaceae","kind":"berry","category":"fruit","lifecycle":"perennial","variety_count":16,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"very_hardy","fertility":"moderate","zones":{"v":"3–7","min":3,"max":7,"unit":"usda_zone"},"soil_ph":{"v":"6–7","min":6,"max":7,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["loam","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"36–60 in","min":36,"max":60,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"72–120 in","min":72,"max":120,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"1 in","min":1,"max":1,"unit":"in"},"years_to_harvest":{"v":"1–3 yr","min":1,"max":3,"unit":"yr"},"pollination":"partially_self_fertile","mature_height":{"v":"3–5 ft","min":36,"max":60,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"3–5 ft","min":36,"max":60,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"15 gal","min":15,"max":15,"unit":"gal"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"transplant_days_after_last_frost":{"max":14,"min":-42}},"harvest_cues":["fruit_coloring"],"propagation":["cutting","transplant"],"pests":["aphids","currant_borer","imported_currant_worm","currant_fruit_fly","spider_mites"],"diseases":["powdery_mildew","white_pine_blister_rust","anthracnose","currant_cane_dieback"],"edible_parts":["fruit"],"searched":["chill_hours","frost_damage_temp","frost_kill_temp"],"searched_why":{"chill_hours":{"note":"Checked 2026-08-04 against all three multi-crop chilling tables (Mississippi State P3067, Alabama ANR-0053, Maryland's home-fruit guide) and this crop's own cited pages (USU 'Currants in the Garden' and 'Red Currants in the Garden', UMN). None states a figure for Ribes rubrum. USU gives 1,000 hours for GOOSEBERRY on its own page and we hold that value; extending it to currant would be a genus-level inference the source does not make.","searched":"2026-08-04"},"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"Searched Utah State (\"Gooseberries in the Garden\" — its only temperature is a -40 F midwinter survival figure), Minnesota (\"Growing currants and gooseberries in the home garden\" — its only temperature is 20 F, and it is about when to PLANT), Penn State's home-fruit gooseberry and currant page, and Iowa State's cold-and-freeze-damage page, which names asparagus, rhubarb, strawberry and potato and does not name Ribes. Every one of them says the same qualitative thing — these bloom early and late frost can injure the flowers — and not one publishes a temperature. A search summary offered \"28-32 F for early growth and developing flowers\"; the pages it credited do not contain it, so it was not recorded. The practical guidance is the same either way and is already in the record: cover them when a freeze is forecast during bloom.","searched":"2026-08-05"},"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Searched Utah State (\"Gooseberries in the Garden\" — its only temperature is a -40 F midwinter survival figure), Minnesota (\"Growing currants and gooseberries in the home garden\" — its only temperature is 20 F, and it is about when to PLANT), Penn State's home-fruit gooseberry and currant page, and Iowa State's cold-and-freeze-damage page, which names asparagus, rhubarb, strawberry and potato and does not name Ribes. Every one of them says the same qualitative thing — these bloom early and late frost can injure the flowers — and not one publishes a temperature. A search summary offered \"28-32 F for early growth and developing flowers\"; the pages it credited do not contain it, so it was not recorded. The practical guidance is the same either way and is already in the record: cover them when a freeze is forecast during bloom.","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":8,"orgs":["Iowa State University Extension and Outreach","Penn State Extension","South Dakota State University Extension","University of Maryland Extension","University of Minnesota Extension","University of Wisconsin-Madison, Division of Extension","Utah State University Extension"]},"varieties":[]},{"slug":"dill","name":"Dill","display":"Dill","botanical":"Anethum graveolens","family":"Apiaceae","kind":"herb","category":"herb","lifecycle":"annual","variety_count":10,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"half_hardy","fertility":"low","soil_ph":{"v":"5.5–6.5","min":5.5,"max":6.5,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["loam","sandy","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"3–12 in","min":3,"max":12,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"12–24 in","min":12,"max":24,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"0.25 in","min":0.25,"max":0.25,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"42–56 days","min":42,"max":56,"unit":"days","basis":"seed","by_basis":{"seed":{"v":"42–56 days","min":42,"max":56}}},"mature_height":{"v":"1.5–5 ft","min":18,"max":60,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"2–3 ft","min":24,"max":36,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"5 gal","min":5,"max":5,"unit":"gal"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost":{"max":0,"min":-14},"days_to_germination":{"max":21,"min":7}},"harvest_cues":["rapid_leaf_growth","first_flowers"],"propagation":["direct_sow"],"pests":["aphids","parsleyworm","tomato_hornworm"],"diseases":["powdery_mildew","aster_yellows","phytophthora_blight","root_rot"],"edible_parts":["leaf","seed","flower","stem"],"pet_toxicity":["non_toxic_to_dogs","non_toxic_to_cats","non_toxic_to_horses"],"searched":["frost_damage_temp","frost_kill_temp"],"searched_why":{"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"Read Utah State University Extension's own page for this crop in full (https://extension.usu.edu/yardandgarden/research/dill-in-the-garden) — the page series that supplied the broccoli, cabbage, celery, radicchio and kale figures we do hold — and it publishes NO cold-tolerance temperature for this crop. Its only Fahrenheit figures are sowing soil minimums, germination optima, heat ceilings and post-harvest storage. Also read three multi-crop references: Michigan State's fall-vegetable freeze-damage guide, Oregon State's cold-hardy vegetable list and Iowa State's cold-and-freeze-damage page. All three sort crops into hardiness CATEGORIES (hard-frost-hardy under 28 F, light-frost-hardy 28-32 F, light-frost-susceptible) and none states a per-crop temperature. We already hold that category as frost_sensitivity, so copying a band edge in here would restate the class as if it were a measurement. The extensions also disagree about which band some crops belong in, which is the clearest sign the band is a judgment rather than a figure.","searched":"2026-08-05"},"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Read Utah State University Extension's own page for this crop in full (https://extension.usu.edu/yardandgarden/research/dill-in-the-garden) — the page series that supplied the broccoli, cabbage, celery, radicchio and kale figures we do hold — and it publishes NO cold-tolerance temperature for this crop. Its only Fahrenheit figures are sowing soil minimums, germination optima, heat ceilings and post-harvest storage. Also read three multi-crop references: Michigan State's fall-vegetable freeze-damage guide, Oregon State's cold-hardy vegetable list and Iowa State's cold-and-freeze-damage page. All three sort crops into hardiness CATEGORIES (hard-frost-hardy under 28 F, light-frost-hardy 28-32 F, light-frost-susceptible) and none states a per-crop temperature. We already hold that category as frost_sensitivity, so copying a band edge in here would restate the class as if it were a measurement. The extensions also disagree about which band some crops belong in, which is the clearest sign the band is a judgment rather than a figure.","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":8,"orgs":["ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center","NC State Extension","Penn State Extension","University of Illinois Extension","University of Maryland Extension","University of Minnesota Extension","University of Wisconsin-Madison Division of Extension","Utah State University Extension"]},"varieties":[{"slug":"bouquet-dill","name":"Bouquet Dill","variety_type":"bouquet","days_to_maturity":"40–45","dtm_basis":"seed"},{"slug":"fernleaf-dill","name":"Fernleaf Dill","variety_type":"fernleaf","days_to_maturity":"55–60","dtm_basis":"seed"},{"slug":"mammoth-dill","name":"Mammoth Dill","variety_type":"mammoth","heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"42–56","dtm_basis":"seed"}]},{"slug":"echinacea","name":"Purple Coneflower","display":"Purple Coneflower","botanical":"Echinacea purpurea","family":"Asteraceae","kind":"herb","category":"flower","lifecycle":"perennial","variety_count":19,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"low","frost_sensitivity":"very_hardy","growth_habit":["upright"],"fertility":"low","zones":{"v":"3–8","min":3,"max":8,"unit":"usda_zone"},"soil_ph":{"v":"6–8","min":6,"max":8,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["loam","sandy","clay","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"12–36 in","min":12,"max":36,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"18–30 in","min":18,"max":30,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"0–0.25 in","min":0,"max":0.25,"unit":"in"},"mature_height":{"v":"2–4 ft","min":24,"max":48,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"1–2 ft","min":12,"max":24,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"1–3 gal","min":1,"max":3,"unit":"gal","rm":"min_to_recommended"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"start_indoors_weeks_before_last_frost":{"max":10,"min":6},"transplant_days_after_last_frost":{"max":14,"min":0},"direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost":{"max":21,"min":0},"days_to_germination":{"max":20,"min":10}},"harvest_cues":["first_flowers"],"propagation":["seed","division","root_cutting"],"pests":["japanese_beetle","aphids","eriophyid_mites"],"diseases":["aster_yellows","leaf_spot","powdery_mildew","anthracnose"],"edible_parts":["leaf"],"searched":["frost_damage_temp","frost_kill_temp"],"searched_why":{"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"Swept ten extension URL families for this crop on 2026-08-05 — Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA and Missouri Botanical Garden — and read in full every page that genuinely covers it. None states a temperature at which the plant takes cold damage or dies. Every page was verified to be about this crop before being read, after the same sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" page with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md). Across 100-plus pages the sweep produced two usable figures, which is the finding: extension publishes a hardiness CLASS for ordinary garden crops, not a per-crop temperature. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the alert engine already uses it.","searched":"2026-08-05"},"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Swept ten extension URL families for this crop on 2026-08-05 — Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA and Missouri Botanical Garden — and read in full every page that genuinely covers it. None states a temperature at which the plant takes cold damage or dies. Every page was verified to be about this crop before being read, after the same sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" page with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md). Across 100-plus pages the sweep produced two usable figures, which is the finding: extension publishes a hardiness CLASS for ordinary garden crops, not a per-crop temperature. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the alert engine already uses it.","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":4,"orgs":["Clemson Cooperative Extension Home & Garden Information Center","Missouri Botanical Garden","NC State Extension","University of Illinois Extension"]},"varieties":[{"slug":"cheyenne-spirit-echinacea","name":"Cheyenne Spirit Echinacea","variety_type":"hybrid","color":["bicolor"]}]},{"slug":"edamame","name":"Edamame (vegetable soybean)","display":"Edamame","botanical":"Glycine max","family":"Fabaceae","kind":"food_crop","category":"legume","lifecycle":"annual","variety_count":11,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"tender","growth_habit":["bush"],"fertility":"moderate","soil_ph":{"v":"6–6.5","min":6,"max":6.5,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["loam","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"2–6 in","min":2,"max":6,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"12–24 in","min":12,"max":24,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"1 in","min":1,"max":1,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"75–100 days","min":75,"max":100,"unit":"days","basis":"seed","by_basis":{"seed":{"v":"75–100 days","min":75,"max":100}}},"mature_height":{"v":"1–2 ft","min":12,"max":24,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"0.8–2 ft","min":9,"max":24,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"4–6 gal","min":4,"max":6,"unit":"gal","rm":"min_to_recommended"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost":{"max":14,"min":0},"fall_sow_calendar":[{"curation_status":"source_verified","from":"07-01","not_recommended":false,"place":"South Carolina — Piedmont","to":"07-15"},{"curation_status":"source_verified","from":"07-15","not_recommended":false,"place":"South Carolina — Coastal Plain","to":"08-01"}],"days_to_germination":{"max":14,"min":10}},"harvest_cues":["pods_filling"],"propagation":["direct_sow"],"pests":["aphids","stink_bugs","leafhoppers","grasshoppers","deer","rabbits"],"diseases":["powdery_mildew","frogeye_leaf_spot","rust","bacterial_blight","brown_spot","cercospora_leaf_blight","stem_canker","sudden_death_syndrome"],"edible_parts":["seed"],"searched":["frost_damage_temp","frost_kill_temp"],"searched_why":{"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"Read the NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox entry for this species in full (https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/glycine-max/) and it states no cold-damage or cold-kill temperature — like every toolbox entry it gives a USDA hardiness ZONE range instead, which we already hold as hardiness_zone_min and hardiness_zone_max. That follows eleven other extension URL families swept for this crop on the same day (Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA, Missouri Botanical) which returned no page for it or no figure on the page. Across 150-plus verified-genuine pages the whole sweep produced two usable figures, and that IS the finding: extension publishes a hardiness class or zone for ordinary garden plants and reserves per-crop temperatures for critical-temperature tables — tree fruit at bloom, berries at bloom, citrus in winter, a few chilling-sensitive tropicals. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the frost alert already runs on it. Every page here was verified to be about this plant before being read, after this sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md).","searched":"2026-08-05"},"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Read the NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox entry for this species in full (https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/glycine-max/) and it states no cold-damage or cold-kill temperature — like every toolbox entry it gives a USDA hardiness ZONE range instead, which we already hold as hardiness_zone_min and hardiness_zone_max. That follows eleven other extension URL families swept for this crop on the same day (Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA, Missouri Botanical) which returned no page for it or no figure on the page. Across 150-plus verified-genuine pages the whole sweep produced two usable figures, and that IS the finding: extension publishes a hardiness class or zone for ordinary garden plants and reserves per-crop temperatures for critical-temperature tables — tree fruit at bloom, berries at bloom, citrus in winter, a few chilling-sensitive tropicals. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the frost alert already runs on it. Every page here was verified to be about this plant before being read, after this sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md).","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":6,"orgs":["Clemson Cooperative Extension, Home & Garden Information Center","Iowa State University Extension and Outreach","NC State Extension","Rutgers Cooperative Extension (NJAES)","South Dakota State University Extension","University of Missouri Extension"]},"varieties":[]},{"slug":"eggplant","name":"Eggplant (aubergine)","display":"Eggplant","botanical":"Solanum melongena","family":"Solanaceae","kind":"food_crop","category":"fruiting_vegetable","lifecycle":"tender_perennial","variety_count":45,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"tender","fertility":"heavy","soil_ph":{"v":"6–7","min":6,"max":7,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["well_drained","loam","sandy"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"18–24 in","min":18,"max":24,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"30–36 in","min":30,"max":36,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"0.25 in","min":0.25,"max":0.25,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"55–80 days","min":55,"max":80,"unit":"days","basis":"transplant","by_basis":{"seed":{"v":"100–120 days","min":100,"max":120},"transplant":{"v":"55–80 days","min":55,"max":80}}},"mature_height":{"v":"2–4 ft","min":24,"max":48,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"1–3 ft","min":12,"max":36,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"5 gal","min":5,"max":5,"unit":"gal"},"needs_support":true,"timing":{"start_indoors_weeks_before_last_frost":{"max":10,"min":6},"transplant_days_after_last_frost":{"max":21,"min":14},"days_to_germination":{"max":14,"min":5}},"harvest_cues":["fruit_sizing"],"propagation":["transplant"],"pests":["flea_beetles","colorado_potato_beetle","aphids","whiteflies","tomato_hornworm","spider_mites","cutworms","eggplant_lace_bug"],"diseases":["verticillium_wilt","early_blight","phytophthora_blight","bacterial_wilt","southern_blight","phomopsis_blight","root_knot_nematodes"],"edible_parts":["fruit"],"human_toxicity":["toxic_leaves","toxic_flowers","toxic_stems","toxic_roots"],"searched":["frost_damage_temp","frost_kill_temp","hardiness_zone_max","hardiness_zone_min"],"searched_why":{"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"Read Utah State University Extension's own page for this crop in full (https://extension.usu.edu/yardandgarden/research/eggplant-in-the-garden) — the page series that supplied the broccoli, cabbage, celery, radicchio and kale figures we do hold — and it publishes NO cold-tolerance temperature for this crop. Its only Fahrenheit figures are sowing soil minimums, germination optima, heat ceilings and post-harvest storage. Also read three multi-crop references: Michigan State's fall-vegetable freeze-damage guide, Oregon State's cold-hardy vegetable list and Iowa State's cold-and-freeze-damage page. All three sort crops into hardiness CATEGORIES (hard-frost-hardy under 28 F, light-frost-hardy 28-32 F, light-frost-susceptible) and none states a per-crop temperature. We already hold that category as frost_sensitivity, so copying a band edge in here would restate the class as if it were a measurement. The extensions also disagree about which band some crops belong in, which is the clearest sign the band is a judgment rather than a figure.","searched":"2026-08-05"},"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Read Utah State University Extension's own page for this crop in full (https://extension.usu.edu/yardandgarden/research/eggplant-in-the-garden) — the page series that supplied the broccoli, cabbage, celery, radicchio and kale figures we do hold — and it publishes NO cold-tolerance temperature for this crop. Its only Fahrenheit figures are sowing soil minimums, germination optima, heat ceilings and post-harvest storage. Also read three multi-crop references: Michigan State's fall-vegetable freeze-damage guide, Oregon State's cold-hardy vegetable list and Iowa State's cold-and-freeze-damage page. All three sort crops into hardiness CATEGORIES (hard-frost-hardy under 28 F, light-frost-hardy 28-32 F, light-frost-susceptible) and none states a per-crop temperature. We already hold that category as frost_sensitivity, so copying a band edge in here would restate the class as if it were a measurement. The extensions also disagree about which band some crops belong in, which is the clearest sign the band is a judgment rather than a figure.","searched":"2026-08-05"},"hardiness_zone_max":{"note":"No source we read gives one: \"no cold-hardiness figure for a frost-tender annual — NCSU zones conflate annual-cultivation range with cold-hardiness.\" The same holds across the group: NC State's zone rows for a frost-tender annual describe the range the crop is grown across, not the cold it survives. Publishing that as hardiness would tell a gardener in zone 4 that tomatoes overwinter. The cold answer for these crops is already carried by frost_sensitivity, and the app reads that.","searched":"2026-08-11"},"hardiness_zone_min":{"note":"No source we read gives one: \"no cold-hardiness figure for a frost-tender annual — NCSU zones conflate annual-cultivation range with cold-hardiness.\" The same holds across the group: NC State's zone rows for a frost-tender annual describe the range the crop is grown across, not the cold it survives. Publishing that as hardiness would tell a gardener in zone 4 that tomatoes overwinter. The cold answer for these crops is already carried by frost_sensitivity, and the app reads that.","searched":"2026-08-11"}},"sources":{"count":9,"orgs":["Clemson Cooperative Extension HGIC","North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox","Texas A&M AgriLife Extension","University of Georgia Extension","University of Maryland Extension","University of Minnesota Extension","University of Wisconsin-Madison Division of Extension (Wisconsin Horticulture)","Utah State University Extension","Washington State University Extension"]},"varieties":[{"slug":"black-beauty-eggplant","name":"Black Beauty Eggplant","variety_type":"italian_globe","color":["black"],"size":"very_large","heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"80","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"fairy-tale-eggplant","name":"Fairy Tale Eggplant","variety_type":"small_fruited","color":["striped"],"size":"small","hybrid":true,"days_to_maturity":"65","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"ichiban-eggplant","name":"Ichiban Eggplant","variety_type":"asian_long","color":["purple"],"size":"medium","hybrid":true,"days_to_maturity":"61","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"patio-baby-eggplant","name":"Patio Baby Eggplant","variety_type":"small_fruited","color":["purple","black"],"size":"small","hybrid":true,"days_to_maturity":"50","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"rosa-bianca-eggplant","name":"Rosa Bianca Eggplant","variety_type":"rosa_bianca","color":["bicolor"],"size":"large","heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"73","dtm_basis":"transplant"}]},{"slug":"elderberry","name":"American Elderberry","display":"American Elderberry","botanical":"Sambucus canadensis","family":"Viburnaceae","kind":"berry","category":"fruit","lifecycle":"perennial","variety_count":18,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"hardy","fertility":"moderate","zones":{"v":"4–8","min":4,"max":8,"unit":"usda_zone"},"soil_ph":{"v":"5.5–6.5","min":5.5,"max":6.5,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["clay","loam","sandy","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"24–48 in","min":24,"max":48,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"72–144 in","min":72,"max":144,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"2 in","min":2,"max":2,"unit":"in"},"years_to_harvest":{"v":"2–3 yr","min":2,"max":3,"unit":"yr"},"pollination":"partially_self_fertile","mature_height":{"v":"6–12 ft","min":72,"max":144,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"6–12 ft","min":72,"max":144,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"20–30 gal","min":20,"max":30,"unit":"gal","rm":"min_to_recommended"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"transplant_days_after_last_frost":{"max":14,"min":-28}},"harvest_cues":["fruit_coloring"],"propagation":["transplant","cutting","division"],"pests":["spotted_wing_drosophila","elder_shoot_borer","japanese_beetle","aphids","spider_mites","birds"],"diseases":["powdery_mildew","verticillium_wilt","rust","canker","leaf_spot","root_rot"],"edible_parts":["fruit","flower"],"human_toxicity":["low_severity","cyanogenic_glycosides","toxic_raw_fruit","toxic_unripe_fruit","toxic_seeds","toxic_leaves","toxic_stems","toxic_roots"],"pet_toxicity":["toxic_to_horses"],"searched":["chill_hours","frost_damage_temp","frost_kill_temp"],"searched_why":{"chill_hours":{"note":"Checked 2026-08-04 against all three multi-crop chilling tables (Mississippi State P3067, Alabama ANR-0053, Maryland's home-fruit guide) and this crop's own cited pages. Elderberry appears in none of the tables and no cited page states a chilling figure.","searched":"2026-08-04"},"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"Swept ten extension URL families for this crop on 2026-08-05 — Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA and Missouri Botanical Garden — and read in full every page that genuinely covers it. None states a temperature at which the plant takes cold damage or dies. Every page was verified to be about this crop before being read, after the same sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" page with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md). Across 100-plus pages the sweep produced two usable figures, which is the finding: extension publishes a hardiness CLASS for ordinary garden crops, not a per-crop temperature. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the alert engine already uses it.","searched":"2026-08-05"},"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Swept ten extension URL families for this crop on 2026-08-05 — Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA and Missouri Botanical Garden — and read in full every page that genuinely covers it. None states a temperature at which the plant takes cold damage or dies. Every page was verified to be about this crop before being read, after the same sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" page with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md). Across 100-plus pages the sweep produced two usable figures, which is the finding: extension publishes a hardiness CLASS for ordinary garden crops, not a per-crop temperature. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the alert engine already uses it.","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":6,"orgs":["Michigan State University Extension","NC State Extension","Rutgers NJAES Cooperative Extension","University of Missouri Extension","University of Wisconsin-Madison Division of Extension","Utah State University Extension"]},"varieties":[{"slug":"adams-elderberry","name":"Adams Elderberry","variety_type":"american","size":"medium","heirloom":true},{"slug":"black-lace-elderberry","name":"Black Lace Elderberry","variety_type":"ornamental","color":["black"]},{"slug":"laced-up-elderberry","name":"Laced Up Elderberry","variety_type":"ornamental","color":["purple"]},{"slug":"york-elderberry","name":"York Elderberry","variety_type":"american","size":"large"}]},{"slug":"endive","name":"Endive (and escarole)","display":"Endive","botanical":"Cichorium endivia","family":"Asteraceae","kind":"food_crop","category":"leafy_green","lifecycle":"annual","variety_count":9,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"half_hardy","fertility":"moderate","soil_ph":{"v":"6–6.8","min":6,"max":6.8,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"8–12 in","min":8,"max":12,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"18–30 in","min":18,"max":30,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"0.25–0.5 in","min":0.25,"max":0.5,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"40–60 days","min":40,"max":60,"unit":"days","basis":"transplant","by_basis":{"seed":{"v":"52–90 days","min":52,"max":90},"transplant":{"v":"40–60 days","min":40,"max":60}}},"mature_height":{"v":"0.8–2 ft","min":10,"max":24,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"10–18 in","min":10,"max":18,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"1–2 gal","min":1,"max":2,"unit":"gal","rm":"min_to_recommended"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"start_indoors_weeks_before_last_frost":{"max":5,"min":3},"transplant_days_after_last_frost":0,"direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost":{"max":-14,"min":-28},"days_to_germination":{"max":14,"min":7}},"harvest_cues":["head_forming"],"propagation":["direct_sow","transplant"],"pests":["cutworms","slugs","flea_beetles"],"diseases":["aster_yellows"],"edible_parts":["leaf"],"searched":["frost_damage_temp","frost_kill_temp"],"searched_why":{"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"Read the NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox entry for this species in full (https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/cichorium-endivia/) and it states no cold-damage or cold-kill temperature — like every toolbox entry it gives a USDA hardiness ZONE range instead, which we already hold as hardiness_zone_min and hardiness_zone_max. That follows eleven other extension URL families swept for this crop on the same day (Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA, Missouri Botanical) which returned no page for it or no figure on the page. Across 150-plus verified-genuine pages the whole sweep produced two usable figures, and that IS the finding: extension publishes a hardiness class or zone for ordinary garden plants and reserves per-crop temperatures for critical-temperature tables — tree fruit at bloom, berries at bloom, citrus in winter, a few chilling-sensitive tropicals. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the frost alert already runs on it. Every page here was verified to be about this plant before being read, after this sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md).","searched":"2026-08-05"},"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Read the NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox entry for this species in full (https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/cichorium-endivia/) and it states no cold-damage or cold-kill temperature — like every toolbox entry it gives a USDA hardiness ZONE range instead, which we already hold as hardiness_zone_min and hardiness_zone_max. That follows eleven other extension URL families swept for this crop on the same day (Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA, Missouri Botanical) which returned no page for it or no figure on the page. Across 150-plus verified-genuine pages the whole sweep produced two usable figures, and that IS the finding: extension publishes a hardiness class or zone for ordinary garden plants and reserves per-crop temperatures for critical-temperature tables — tree fruit at bloom, berries at bloom, citrus in winter, a few chilling-sensitive tropicals. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the frost alert already runs on it. Every page here was verified to be about this plant before being read, after this sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md).","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":5,"orgs":["NC State Extension","Texas A&M AgriLife Extension","University of Illinois Extension","University of Minnesota Extension","University of Wisconsin-Madison Division of Extension"]},"varieties":[]},{"slug":"fava","name":"Fava bean (broad bean)","display":"Fava bean","botanical":"Vicia faba","family":"Fabaceae","kind":"food_crop","category":"legume","lifecycle":"annual","variety_count":11,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"hardy","frost_damage_temp":{"v":"21 °F","min":21,"max":21,"unit":"°F","stg":"standing_crop","rdg":"tolerance_floor"},"fertility":"low","soil_ph":{"v":"6–7.5","min":6,"max":7.5,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["clay","loam","sandy","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"6–10 in","min":6,"max":10,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"18–36 in","min":18,"max":36,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"1–2 in","min":1,"max":2,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"120–150 days","min":120,"max":150,"unit":"days","basis":"seed","by_basis":{"seed":{"v":"120–150 days","min":120,"max":150}}},"mature_height":{"v":"2–7 ft","min":24,"max":84,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"12–18 in","min":12,"max":18,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"5–7 gal","min":5,"max":7,"unit":"gal","rm":"min_to_recommended"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost":{"max":-14,"min":-42},"days_to_germination":{"max":14,"min":7}},"harvest_cues":["pods_filling"],"propagation":["direct_sow"],"pests":["aphids","bean_weevil"],"diseases":["chocolate_spot","powdery_mildew","viruses"],"edible_parts":["seed","fruit"],"human_toxicity":["toxic_raw_seeds"],"searched":["frost_kill_temp"],"searched_why":{"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"University of California Small Farms Program (UC ANR) states this crop's frost_damage_temp (21 F, standing_crop) and states NO separate temperature at which the plant is lost, and no other publication read in the 2026-08-05 sweep across twelve extension URL families supplies one. That is the normal shape outside the critical-temperature tables: those tables print a 10% and a 90% column together, which is where every paired record we hold comes from, and an ordinary crop page names one threshold or the other. LEAVING THIS EMPTY IS THE CORRECT OUTCOME, not a gap to fill later by inference. The two fields are read as a pair, so a guessed kill figure would manufacture a safety margin nobody measured — and the engine would print that margin to a gardener as if it were a fact. Where the crop is lost outright below the damage point, its frost_sensitivity class already says so and the alert already fires from it.","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":6,"orgs":["Iowa State University Extension and Outreach","NC State Extension","UC Master Gardener Program (UC ANR)","UC Master Gardeners of Santa Clara County (UC ANR)","UC Small Farms Program (UC ANR)","University of Minnesota Extension"]},"varieties":[]},{"slug":"fennel","name":"Fennel","display":"Fennel","botanical":"Foeniculum vulgare","family":"Apiaceae","kind":"herb","category":"herb","lifecycle":"perennial","variety_count":10,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"half_hardy","fertility":"moderate","zones":{"v":"4–9","min":4,"max":9,"unit":"usda_zone"},"soil_ph":{"v":"6.5–8","min":6.5,"max":8,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["loam","sandy","clay","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"8–12 in","min":8,"max":12,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"18 in","min":18,"max":18,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"0.25–0.5 in","min":0.25,"max":0.5,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"60–90 days","min":60,"max":90,"unit":"days","basis":"transplant","by_basis":{"seed":{"v":"60–120 days","min":60,"max":120},"transplant":{"v":"60–90 days","min":60,"max":90}}},"mature_height":{"v":"3–6 ft","min":36,"max":72,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"1.5–3.3 ft","min":18,"max":39,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"5–6 gal","min":5,"max":6,"unit":"gal","rm":"min_to_recommended"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"start_indoors_weeks_before_last_frost":{"max":6,"min":4},"direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost":{"max":14,"min":0},"days_to_germination":{"max":10,"min":7}},"harvest_cues":["bulb_shoulder_visible"],"propagation":["direct_sow","transplant"],"pests":["aphids","thrips","slugs","cabbage_moth_larvae","parsleyworm"],"diseases":["root_rot","stem_rot"],"edible_parts":["bulb","leaf","stem","seed","flower"],"pet_toxicity":["non_toxic_to_dogs","non_toxic_to_cats","non_toxic_to_horses"],"searched":["frost_damage_temp","frost_kill_temp","transplant_days_after_last_frost"],"searched_why":{"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"Read Utah State University Extension's own page for this crop in full (https://extension.usu.edu/yardandgarden/research/fennel-in-the-garden) — the page series that supplied the broccoli, cabbage, celery, radicchio and kale figures we do hold — and it publishes NO cold-tolerance temperature for this crop. Its only Fahrenheit figures are sowing soil minimums, germination optima, heat ceilings and post-harvest storage. Also read three multi-crop references: Michigan State's fall-vegetable freeze-damage guide, Oregon State's cold-hardy vegetable list and Iowa State's cold-and-freeze-damage page. All three sort crops into hardiness CATEGORIES (hard-frost-hardy under 28 F, light-frost-hardy 28-32 F, light-frost-susceptible) and none states a per-crop temperature. We already hold that category as frost_sensitivity, so copying a band edge in here would restate the class as if it were a measurement. The extensions also disagree about which band some crops belong in, which is the clearest sign the band is a judgment rather than a figure.","searched":"2026-08-05"},"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Read Utah State University Extension's own page for this crop in full (https://extension.usu.edu/yardandgarden/research/fennel-in-the-garden) — the page series that supplied the broccoli, cabbage, celery, radicchio and kale figures we do hold — and it publishes NO cold-tolerance temperature for this crop. Its only Fahrenheit figures are sowing soil minimums, germination optima, heat ceilings and post-harvest storage. Also read three multi-crop references: Michigan State's fall-vegetable freeze-damage guide, Oregon State's cold-hardy vegetable list and Iowa State's cold-and-freeze-damage page. All three sort crops into hardiness CATEGORIES (hard-frost-hardy under 28 F, light-frost-hardy 28-32 F, light-frost-susceptible) and none states a per-crop temperature. We already hold that category as frost_sensitivity, so copying a band edge in here would restate the class as if it were a measurement. The extensions also disagree about which band some crops belong in, which is the clearest sign the band is a judgment rather than a figure.","searched":"2026-08-05"},"transplant_days_after_last_frost":{"note":"No source we read gives one: \"no frost-relative day count; sources give 'after frost is past' + calendar windows.\" A calendar window is not convertible to a frost offset without knowing the reader's frost date, which is the thing the field exists to supply.","searched":"2026-08-11"}},"sources":{"count":9,"orgs":["ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center","NC State Extension","UC Master Gardeners of Santa Clara County (UC ANR)","University of Illinois Extension","University of Maryland Extension","University of New Hampshire Extension","Utah State University Extension"]},"varieties":[{"slug":"bronze-fennel","name":"Bronze Fennel","variety_type":"bronze","color":["brown"],"days_to_maturity":"60–90","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"florence-fennel","name":"Florence Fennel","variety_type":"florence_bulbing","heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"80","dtm_basis":"seed"}]},{"slug":"feverfew","name":"Feverfew","display":"Feverfew","botanical":"Tanacetum parthenium","family":"Asteraceae","kind":"herb","category":"herb","lifecycle":"perennial","variety_count":7,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"hardy","growth_habit":["clumping","mounding"],"fertility":"low","zones":{"v":"5–8","min":5,"max":8,"unit":"usda_zone"},"soil_ph":{"v":"6–7","min":6,"max":7,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["loam","sandy","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"12–18 in","min":12,"max":18,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"18–24 in","min":18,"max":24,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"0–0.125 in","min":0,"max":0.125,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"60–90 days","min":60,"max":90,"unit":"days","basis":"transplant","by_basis":{"seed":{"v":"90–120 days","min":90,"max":120},"transplant":{"v":"60–90 days","min":60,"max":90}}},"mature_height":{"v":"1–3 ft","min":12,"max":36,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"1–2 ft","min":12,"max":24,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"1–2 gal","min":1,"max":2,"unit":"gal","rm":"min_to_recommended"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"start_indoors_weeks_before_last_frost":{"max":8,"min":6},"transplant_days_after_last_frost":{"max":14,"min":0},"direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost":{"max":14,"min":0},"days_to_germination":{"max":14,"min":10}},"harvest_cues":["first_flowers"],"propagation":["seed","division"],"pests":["spider_mites"],"diseases":["southern_blight"],"edible_parts":["leaf"],"human_toxicity":["low_severity","contact_dermatitis","parthenin"],"pet_toxicity":["toxic_to_dogs","toxic_to_cats","toxic_to_horses"],"searched":["frost_damage_temp","frost_kill_temp"],"searched_why":{"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"Read the NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox entry for this species in full (https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/tanacetum-parthenium/) and it states no cold-damage or cold-kill temperature — like every toolbox entry it gives a USDA hardiness ZONE range instead, which we already hold as hardiness_zone_min and hardiness_zone_max. That follows eleven other extension URL families swept for this crop on the same day (Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA, Missouri Botanical) which returned no page for it or no figure on the page. Across 150-plus verified-genuine pages the whole sweep produced two usable figures, and that IS the finding: extension publishes a hardiness class or zone for ordinary garden plants and reserves per-crop temperatures for critical-temperature tables — tree fruit at bloom, berries at bloom, citrus in winter, a few chilling-sensitive tropicals. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the frost alert already runs on it. Every page here was verified to be about this plant before being read, after this sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md).","searched":"2026-08-05"},"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Read the NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox entry for this species in full (https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/tanacetum-parthenium/) and it states no cold-damage or cold-kill temperature — like every toolbox entry it gives a USDA hardiness ZONE range instead, which we already hold as hardiness_zone_min and hardiness_zone_max. That follows eleven other extension URL families swept for this crop on the same day (Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA, Missouri Botanical) which returned no page for it or no figure on the page. Across 150-plus verified-genuine pages the whole sweep produced two usable figures, and that IS the finding: extension publishes a hardiness class or zone for ordinary garden plants and reserves per-crop temperatures for critical-temperature tables — tree fruit at bloom, berries at bloom, citrus in winter, a few chilling-sensitive tropicals. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the frost alert already runs on it. Every page here was verified to be about this plant before being read, after this sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md).","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":3,"orgs":["Missouri Botanical Garden","NC State Extension","Utah State University Extension"]},"varieties":[]},{"slug":"fig","name":"Fig","display":"Fig","botanical":"Ficus carica","family":"Moraceae","kind":"fruit_tree","category":"fruit","lifecycle":"perennial","variety_count":43,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"tender","frost_kill_temp":{"v":"12–15 °F","min":12,"max":15,"unit":"°F","stg":"dormant_top_growth","rdg":"tolerance_floor"},"fertility":"low","zones":{"v":"7–10","min":7,"max":10,"unit":"usda_zone"},"soil_ph":{"v":"5.5–6.5","min":5.5,"max":6.5,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["sandy","loam","clay","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"120–240 in","min":120,"max":240,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"180–240 in","min":180,"max":240,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"4 in","min":4,"max":4,"unit":"in"},"years_to_harvest":{"v":"3–4 yr","min":3,"max":4,"unit":"yr"},"chill_hours":{"v":"100–200 hrs","min":100,"max":200,"unit":"hrs"},"pollination":"self_fertile","mature_height":{"v":"10–30 ft","min":120,"max":360,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"10–30 ft","min":120,"max":360,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"15 gal","min":15,"max":15,"unit":"gal"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"transplant_days_after_last_frost":{"max":28,"min":0}},"harvest_cues":["fruit_coloring"],"propagation":["cutting","layering","suckers","transplant"],"pests":["root_knot_nematodes","aphids","scale","spider_mites","mealybugs"],"diseases":["fig_rust","fruit_souring","leaf_spot","leaf_blight"],"edible_parts":["fruit"],"human_toxicity":["phytophotodermatitis","contact_dermatitis"],"pet_toxicity":["toxic_to_dogs","toxic_to_cats","toxic_to_horses"],"searched":["frost_damage_temp"],"searched_why":{"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"Swept ten extension URL families for this crop on 2026-08-05 — Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA and Missouri Botanical Garden — and read in full every page that genuinely covers it. None states a temperature at which the plant takes cold damage or dies. Every page was verified to be about this crop before being read, after the same sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" page with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md). Across 100-plus pages the sweep produced two usable figures, which is the finding: extension publishes a hardiness CLASS for ordinary garden crops, not a per-crop temperature. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the alert engine already uses it.","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":6,"orgs":["Clemson Cooperative Extension, Home & Garden Information Center","Mississippi State University Extension","NC State Extension","University of California Master Gardeners of San Luis Obispo County","University of Georgia Cooperative Extension","University of Maryland Extension"]},"varieties":[{"slug":"black-mission-fig","name":"Black Mission Fig","color":["purple"],"heirloom":true},{"slug":"brown-turkey-fig","name":"Brown Turkey Fig","color":["brown"],"size":"medium","heirloom":true},{"slug":"celeste-fig","name":"Celeste Fig","color":["purple"],"size":"small","heirloom":true},{"slug":"chicago-hardy-fig","name":"Chicago Hardy Fig","color":["purple"],"size":"medium","heirloom":true},{"slug":"desert-king-fig","name":"Desert King Fig","variety_type":"san_pedro","color":["green"],"heirloom":true},{"slug":"italian-honey-fig","name":"Italian Honey Fig","color":["yellow"],"size":"medium","heirloom":true},{"slug":"kadota-fig","name":"Kadota Fig","color":["yellow"],"size":"large","heirloom":true},{"slug":"lsu-gold-fig","name":"LSU Gold Fig","color":["yellow"],"size":"large"},{"slug":"lsu-purple-fig","name":"LSU Purple Fig","color":["purple"],"size":"medium"},{"slug":"panache-fig","name":"Panache Fig","color":["bicolor"],"size":"small"},{"slug":"texas-everbearing-fig","name":"Texas Everbearing Fig","color":["purple"],"size":"large","heirloom":true},{"slug":"violette-de-bordeaux-fig","name":"Violette de Bordeaux Fig","color":["purple"],"heirloom":true}]},{"slug":"flax","name":"Flax (common flax / linseed)","display":"Flax","botanical":"Linum usitatissimum","family":"Linaceae","kind":"food_crop","category":"oilseed","lifecycle":"annual","variety_count":5,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"half_hardy","fertility":"low","soil_ph":{"v":"6–6.5","min":6,"max":6.5,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["well_drained","loam","clay"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"1–2 in","min":1,"max":2,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"4–8 in","min":4,"max":8,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"0.5–1.5 in","min":0.5,"max":1.5,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"90–120 days","min":90,"max":120,"unit":"days","basis":"seed","by_basis":{"seed":{"v":"90–120 days","min":90,"max":120}}},"mature_height":{"v":"1–3 ft","min":12,"max":36,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"2–6 in","min":2,"max":6,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"2–5 gal","min":2,"max":5,"unit":"gal","rm":"min_to_recommended"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost":{"max":-7,"min":-21},"days_to_germination":{"max":12,"min":5}},"harvest_cues":["lower_leaf_yellowing"],"propagation":["direct_sow"],"pests":["cutworms","aphids","grasshoppers","tarnished_plant_bug","aster_leafhopper"],"diseases":["rust","pasmo","fusarium_wilt","aster_yellows","damping_off"],"edible_parts":["seed"],"human_toxicity":["toxic_raw_seeds","toxic_leaves","contact_dermatitis"],"searched":["frost_damage_temp","frost_kill_temp"],"searched_why":{"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"Read the NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox entry for this species in full (https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/linum-usitatissimum/) and it states no cold-damage or cold-kill temperature — like every toolbox entry it gives a USDA hardiness ZONE range instead, which we already hold as hardiness_zone_min and hardiness_zone_max. That follows eleven other extension URL families swept for this crop on the same day (Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA, Missouri Botanical) which returned no page for it or no figure on the page. Across 150-plus verified-genuine pages the whole sweep produced two usable figures, and that IS the finding: extension publishes a hardiness class or zone for ordinary garden plants and reserves per-crop temperatures for critical-temperature tables — tree fruit at bloom, berries at bloom, citrus in winter, a few chilling-sensitive tropicals. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the frost alert already runs on it. Every page here was verified to be about this plant before being read, after this sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md).","searched":"2026-08-05"},"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Read the NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox entry for this species in full (https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/linum-usitatissimum/) and it states no cold-damage or cold-kill temperature — like every toolbox entry it gives a USDA hardiness ZONE range instead, which we already hold as hardiness_zone_min and hardiness_zone_max. That follows eleven other extension URL families swept for this crop on the same day (Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA, Missouri Botanical) which returned no page for it or no figure on the page. Across 150-plus verified-genuine pages the whole sweep produced two usable figures, and that IS the finding: extension publishes a hardiness class or zone for ordinary garden plants and reserves per-crop temperatures for critical-temperature tables — tree fruit at bloom, berries at bloom, citrus in winter, a few chilling-sensitive tropicals. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the frost alert already runs on it. Every page here was verified to be about this plant before being read, after this sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md).","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":5,"orgs":["Alternative Field Crops Manual (Univ. of Wisconsin-Extension and Univ. of Minnesota; Purdue NewCROP host)","NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox","NDSU Extension (A1038, Revised May 2020, revised by Hans Kandel and Clair Keene) — cited at the UW-Madison Extension-hosted copy of the PDF, because ndsu.edu returns HTTP 403","University of Wisconsin-Madison Division of Extension (Crops and Soils)","Utah State University Extension"]},"varieties":[]},{"slug":"garlic","name":"Garlic","display":"Garlic","botanical":"Allium sativum","family":"Amaryllidaceae","kind":"food_crop","category":"bulb_vegetable","lifecycle":"perennial","variety_count":28,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"hardy","fertility":"heavy","zones":{"v":"4–9","min":4,"max":9,"unit":"usda_zone"},"soil_ph":{"v":"6–7","min":6,"max":7,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["loam","sandy","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"3–6 in","min":3,"max":6,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"12–24 in","min":12,"max":24,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"2–3 in","min":2,"max":3,"unit":"in"},"mature_height":{"v":"12–18 in","min":12,"max":18,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"8–12 in","min":8,"max":12,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"1–3 gal","min":1,"max":3,"unit":"gal","cv":"It needs the depth as well as the volume — a wide, shallow bowl will not grow a bulb even if it holds enough soil.","rm":"min_to_recommended"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"fall_sow_calendar":[{"curation_status":"source_verified","from":"08-15","not_recommended":false,"place":"South Carolina — Piedmont","to":"10-15"},{"curation_status":"source_verified","from":"10-01","not_recommended":false,"place":"South Carolina — Coastal Plain","to":"11-30"}]},"harvest_cues":["lower_leaf_yellowing"],"propagation":["cloves"],"pests":["thrips","onion_maggot","bulb_mites","aster_leafhopper","allium_leafminer","bloat_nematode"],"diseases":["white_rot","neck_rot","fusarium_basal_rot","bulb_rot"],"edible_parts":["bulb","leaf","flower"],"human_toxicity":["contact_dermatitis"],"pet_toxicity":["toxic_to_dogs","toxic_to_cats","toxic_to_horses"],"searched":["frost_damage_temp","frost_kill_temp"],"searched_why":{"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"Read Utah State University Extension's own page for this crop in full (https://extension.usu.edu/yardandgarden/research/garlic-in-the-garden) — the page series that supplied the broccoli, cabbage, celery, radicchio and kale figures we do hold — and it publishes NO cold-tolerance temperature for this crop. Its only Fahrenheit figures are sowing soil minimums, germination optima, heat ceilings and post-harvest storage. Also read three multi-crop references: Michigan State's fall-vegetable freeze-damage guide, Oregon State's cold-hardy vegetable list and Iowa State's cold-and-freeze-damage page. All three sort crops into hardiness CATEGORIES (hard-frost-hardy under 28 F, light-frost-hardy 28-32 F, light-frost-susceptible) and none states a per-crop temperature. We already hold that category as frost_sensitivity, so copying a band edge in here would restate the class as if it were a measurement. The extensions also disagree about which band some crops belong in, which is the clearest sign the band is a judgment rather than a figure.","searched":"2026-08-05"},"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Read Utah State University Extension's own page for this crop in full (https://extension.usu.edu/yardandgarden/research/garlic-in-the-garden) — the page series that supplied the broccoli, cabbage, celery, radicchio and kale figures we do hold — and it publishes NO cold-tolerance temperature for this crop. Its only Fahrenheit figures are sowing soil minimums, germination optima, heat ceilings and post-harvest storage. Also read three multi-crop references: Michigan State's fall-vegetable freeze-damage guide, Oregon State's cold-hardy vegetable list and Iowa State's cold-and-freeze-damage page. All three sort crops into hardiness CATEGORIES (hard-frost-hardy under 28 F, light-frost-hardy 28-32 F, light-frost-susceptible) and none states a per-crop temperature. We already hold that category as frost_sensitivity, so copying a band edge in here would restate the class as if it were a measurement. The extensions also disagree about which band some crops belong in, which is the clearest sign the band is a judgment rather than a figure.","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":14,"orgs":["ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center","Clemson Cooperative Extension, Home & Garden Information Center","Cornell Cooperative Extension of Schoharie and Otsego Counties","Michigan State University Extension","NC State Extension","Ohio State University Extension (CFAES)","Penn State Extension","University of Georgia Extension (CAES)","University of Maryland Extension","University of Minnesota Extension","University of New Hampshire Extension","Utah State University Extension"]},"varieties":[{"slug":"chesnok-red-garlic","name":"Chesnok Red Garlic","variety_type":"hardneck_purple_stripe","color":["purple","striped"]},{"slug":"inchelium-red-garlic","name":"Inchelium Red Garlic","variety_type":"softneck_artichoke","color":["white"],"heirloom":true},{"slug":"music-garlic","name":"Music Garlic","variety_type":"hardneck_porcelain","color":["white"]}]},{"slug":"goji","name":"Goji Berry","display":"Goji Berry","botanical":"Lycium barbarum","family":"Solanaceae","kind":"berry","category":"fruit","lifecycle":"perennial","variety_count":6,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"hardy","fertility":"low","zones":{"v":"4–9","min":4,"max":9,"unit":"usda_zone"},"soil_ph":{"v":"6.8–8.1","min":6.8,"max":8.1,"unit":"pH","cv":"These are the edges of the ideal band, not limits. UF/IFAS says goji grows across a broad range of soil pH and that 6.8–8.1 is simply where it does best, so soil outside that is not a reason to rule it out."},"soil_texture":["loam","sandy","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"24–60 in","min":24,"max":60,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"72–96 in","min":72,"max":96,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"At soil level","min":0,"max":0,"unit":"in"},"years_to_harvest":{"v":"2 yr","min":2,"max":2,"unit":"yr"},"pollination":"self_fertile","mature_height":{"v":"3–12 ft","min":36,"max":144,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"4–5 ft","min":48,"max":60,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"5 gal","min":5,"max":5,"unit":"gal"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"transplant_days_after_last_frost":{"max":28,"min":-14}},"harvest_cues":["fruit_coloring"],"propagation":["cutting","seed","layering","transplant"],"pests":["aphids","gall_mites","leaf_beetles"],"diseases":["powdery_mildew","root_rot","blossom_end_rot","gummosis"],"edible_parts":["fruit"],"human_toxicity":["low_severity","toxic_leaves","atropine","hyoscyamine","scopolamine"],"searched":["chill_hours","frost_damage_temp","frost_kill_temp"],"searched_why":{"chill_hours":{"note":"Checked 2026-08-04 against all three multi-crop chilling tables (Mississippi State P3067, Alabama ANR-0053, Maryland's home-fruit guide) and this crop's own cited pages. Goji appears in none of them and no cited page states a chilling figure.","searched":"2026-08-04"},"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"Swept ten extension URL families for this crop on 2026-08-05 — Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA and Missouri Botanical Garden — and read in full every page that genuinely covers it. None states a temperature at which the plant takes cold damage or dies. Every page was verified to be about this crop before being read, after the same sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" page with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md). Across 100-plus pages the sweep produced two usable figures, which is the finding: extension publishes a hardiness CLASS for ordinary garden crops, not a per-crop temperature. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the alert engine already uses it.","searched":"2026-08-05"},"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Swept ten extension URL families for this crop on 2026-08-05 — Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA and Missouri Botanical Garden — and read in full every page that genuinely covers it. None states a temperature at which the plant takes cold damage or dies. Every page was verified to be about this crop before being read, after the same sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" page with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md). Across 100-plus pages the sweep produced two usable figures, which is the finding: extension publishes a hardiness CLASS for ordinary garden crops, not a per-crop temperature. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the alert engine already uses it.","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":3,"orgs":["North Carolina State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox","University of Florida IFAS Extension","Utah State University Extension"]},"varieties":[]},{"slug":"gooseberry","name":"Gooseberry","display":"Gooseberry","botanical":"Ribes uva-crispa","family":"Grossulariaceae","kind":"berry","category":"fruit","lifecycle":"perennial","variety_count":18,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"very_hardy","fertility":"moderate","zones":{"v":"3–6","min":3,"max":6,"unit":"usda_zone"},"soil_ph":{"v":"6–7","min":6,"max":7,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["loam","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"36–60 in","min":36,"max":60,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"72–120 in","min":72,"max":120,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"1 in","min":1,"max":1,"unit":"in"},"years_to_harvest":{"v":"1–3 yr","min":1,"max":3,"unit":"yr"},"chill_hours":{"v":"1000 hrs","min":1000,"max":1000,"unit":"hrs"},"pollination":"self_fertile","mature_height":{"v":"3–5 ft","min":36,"max":60,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"3–5 ft","min":36,"max":60,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"15 gal","min":15,"max":15,"unit":"gal"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{},"harvest_cues":["fruit_sizing","fruit_coloring"],"propagation":["transplant","cutting","layering"],"pests":["gooseberry_fruitworm","imported_currant_worm","aphids","currant_borer","currant_fruit_fly","san_jose_scale","spider_mites"],"diseases":["powdery_mildew","leaf_spot","anthracnose","white_pine_blister_rust"],"edible_parts":["fruit"],"searched":["frost_damage_temp","frost_kill_temp"],"searched_why":{"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"Searched Utah State (https://extension.usu.edu/yardandgarden/research/gooseberries-in-the-garden — its only temperature is a -40 F midwinter survival figure), Minnesota (\"Growing currants and gooseberries in the home garden\" — its only temperature is 20 F, and it is about when to PLANT), Penn State's home-fruit gooseberry and currant page, and Iowa State's cold-and-freeze-damage page, which names asparagus, rhubarb, strawberry and potato and does not name Ribes. Every one of them says the same qualitative thing — these bloom early and late frost can injure the flowers — and not one publishes a temperature. A search summary offered \"28-32 F for early growth and developing flowers\"; the pages it credited do not contain it, so it was not recorded. The practical guidance is the same either way and is already in the record: cover them when a freeze is forecast during bloom.","searched":"2026-08-05"},"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Searched Utah State (https://extension.usu.edu/yardandgarden/research/gooseberries-in-the-garden — its only temperature is a -40 F midwinter survival figure), Minnesota (\"Growing currants and gooseberries in the home garden\" — its only temperature is 20 F, and it is about when to PLANT), Penn State's home-fruit gooseberry and currant page, and Iowa State's cold-and-freeze-damage page, which names asparagus, rhubarb, strawberry and potato and does not name Ribes. Every one of them says the same qualitative thing — these bloom early and late frost can injure the flowers — and not one publishes a temperature. A search summary offered \"28-32 F for early growth and developing flowers\"; the pages it credited do not contain it, so it was not recorded. The practical guidance is the same either way and is already in the record: cover them when a freeze is forecast during bloom.","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":6,"orgs":["Iowa State University Extension and Outreach","Ohio State University Extension (Ohioline)","University of Maryland Extension","University of Minnesota Extension","University of Wisconsin-Madison Division of Extension","Utah State University Extension"]},"varieties":[{"slug":"pixwell-gooseberry","name":"Pixwell Gooseberry","variety_type":"american","color":["pink"],"size":"small","heirloom":true}]},{"slug":"grape","name":"Grape","display":"Grape","botanical":"Vitis spp.","family":"Vitaceae","kind":"fruit_tree","category":"fruit","lifecycle":"perennial","variety_count":57,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"hardy","frost_damage_temp":{"v":"27–28 °F","min":27,"max":28,"unit":"°F","stg":"spring_growth","rdg":"threshold"},"fertility":"moderate","zones":{"v":"5–10","min":5,"max":10,"unit":"usda_zone"},"soil_ph":{"v":"5.5–6.5","min":5.5,"max":6.5,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["loam","clay","sandy","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"96–240 in","min":96,"max":240,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"120–144 in","min":120,"max":144,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"At soil level","min":0,"max":0,"unit":"in"},"years_to_harvest":{"v":"3 yr","min":3,"max":3,"unit":"yr"},"chill_hours":{"v":"100–600 hrs","min":100,"max":600,"unit":"hrs"},"pollination":"self_fertile","mature_height":{"v":"3–6.5 ft","min":36,"max":78,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"3–6 ft","min":36,"max":72,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"15–20 gal","min":15,"max":20,"unit":"gal","rm":"min_to_recommended"},"needs_support":true,"timing":{"transplant_days_after_last_frost":{"max":14,"min":-28}},"harvest_cues":["fruit_coloring"],"propagation":["cutting","grafting"],"pests":["grape_berry_moth","japanese_beetle","grape_root_borer","leafhoppers","mealybugs","flea_beetles","birds"],"diseases":["black_rot","powdery_mildew","downy_mildew","pierces_disease","anthracnose","eutypa_dieback","crown_gall"],"edible_parts":["fruit"],"pet_toxicity":["toxic_to_dogs"],"searched":["frost_kill_temp"],"searched_why":{"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Penn State Extension states this crop's frost_damage_temp (27-28 F, spring_growth) and states NO separate temperature at which the plant is lost, and no other publication read in the 2026-08-05 sweep across twelve extension URL families supplies one. That is the normal shape outside the critical-temperature tables: those tables print a 10% and a 90% column together, which is where every paired record we hold comes from, and an ordinary crop page names one threshold or the other. LEAVING THIS EMPTY IS THE CORRECT OUTCOME, not a gap to fill later by inference. The two fields are read as a pair, so a guessed kill figure would manufacture a safety margin nobody measured — and the engine would print that margin to a gardener as if it were a fact. Where the crop is lost outright below the damage point, its frost_sensitivity class already says so and the alert already fires from it.","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":12,"orgs":["ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center","Alabama Cooperative Extension System","Clemson Cooperative Extension, Home & Garden Information Center","Mississippi State University Extension","NC State Extension","Penn State Extension","University of Georgia Extension (CAES)","University of Maryland Extension","University of Missouri Extension","Utah State University Extension"]},"varieties":[{"slug":"catawba-grape","name":"Catawba Grape","color":["red"],"heirloom":true},{"slug":"chardonnay-grape","name":"Chardonnay Grape","variety_type":"vinifera","color":["green"],"heirloom":true},{"slug":"concord-grape","name":"Concord Grape","color":["blue"],"heirloom":true},{"slug":"himrod-grape","name":"Himrod Grape","color":["green"]},{"slug":"niagara-grape","name":"Niagara Grape","color":["green"],"heirloom":true}]},{"slug":"grapefruit","name":"Grapefruit","display":"Grapefruit","botanical":"Citrus paradisi","family":"Rutaceae","kind":"fruit_tree","category":"fruit","lifecycle":"perennial","variety_count":12,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"tender","frost_damage_temp":{"v":"28 °F","min":28,"max":28,"unit":"°F","cv":"A general citrus figure, not one published for grapefruit. Across the citrus we hold, damage points run from about 26 °F to about 32 °F depending on the type, so read this as the family's rule of thumb rather than a grapefruit measurement.","stg":"dormant_top_growth","rdg":"threshold"},"fertility":"moderate","zones":{"v":"9–11","min":9,"max":11,"unit":"usda_zone"},"soil_ph":{"v":"5.5–6.5","min":5.5,"max":6.5,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["loam","sandy","clay","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"144–192 in","min":144,"max":192,"unit":"in","cv":"A general citrus spacing, not one published for grapefruit. What a tree actually needs is set by its rootstock — a dwarf or patio citrus needs far less room than a standard tree."},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"180–240 in","min":180,"max":240,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"At soil level","min":0,"max":0,"unit":"in"},"years_to_harvest":{"v":"2–4 yr","min":2,"max":4,"unit":"yr","as":"grafted","alt":{"own_root":{"v":"7–10 yr","min":7,"max":10}}},"chill_hours":{"v":"0–100 hrs","min":0,"max":100,"unit":"hrs"},"pollination":"self_fertile","mature_height":{"v":"15–30 ft","min":180,"max":360,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"15–30 ft","min":180,"max":360,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"15–25 gal","min":15,"max":25,"unit":"gal","rm":"pot_up"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"transplant_days_after_last_frost":{"max":60,"min":0}},"harvest_cues":["fruit_coloring"],"propagation":["grafting","budding","transplant"],"pests":["aphids","citrus_rust_mite","whiteflies","spider_mites","asian_citrus_psyllid","california_red_scale","cottony_cushion_scale","citrus_thrips","argentine_ants","snails"],"diseases":["greasy_spot","melanose","citrus_scab","citrus_canker","citrus_greening","tristeza","foot_rot"],"edible_parts":["fruit"],"human_toxicity":["contact_dermatitis"],"pet_toxicity":["toxic_to_dogs","toxic_to_cats","toxic_to_horses"],"searched":["frost_kill_temp"],"searched_why":{"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"University of California Master Gardeners of Santa Clara County states this crop's frost_damage_temp (28 F, dormant_top_growth) and states NO separate temperature at which the plant is lost, and no other publication read in the 2026-08-05 sweep across twelve extension URL families supplies one. That is the normal shape outside the critical-temperature tables: those tables print a 10% and a 90% column together, which is where every paired record we hold comes from, and an ordinary crop page names one threshold or the other. LEAVING THIS EMPTY IS THE CORRECT OUTCOME, not a gap to fill later by inference. The two fields are read as a pair, so a guessed kill figure would manufacture a safety margin nobody measured — and the engine would print that margin to a gardener as if it were a fact. Where the crop is lost outright below the damage point, its frost_sensitivity class already says so and the alert already fires from it.","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":10,"orgs":["ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center","Mississippi State University Extension","NC State Extension","Texas A&M AgriLife Extension","Texas A&M AgriLife Extension (Aggie Horticulture)","UF/IFAS Extension","UF/IFAS Gardening Solutions","University of Arizona Cooperative Extension","University of California Cooperative Extension (UC Master Gardeners of Santa Clara County)","University of California Master Gardeners of San Luis Obispo County"]},"varieties":[{"slug":"rio-red-grapefruit","name":"Rio Red Grapefruit","variety_type":"red","color":["pink"]},{"slug":"ruby-red-grapefruit","name":"Ruby Red Grapefruit","variety_type":"pink","color":["pink"],"heirloom":true}]},{"slug":"ground-cherry","name":"Ground cherry (husk cherry)","display":"Ground cherry","botanical":"Physalis pruinosa","family":"Solanaceae","kind":"food_crop","category":"fruiting_vegetable","lifecycle":"annual","variety_count":6,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"tender","fertility":"moderate","soil_ph":{"v":"6–6.5","min":6,"max":6.5,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"18–24 in","min":18,"max":24,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"18–36 in","min":18,"max":36,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"0.25 in","min":0.25,"max":0.25,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"70–80 days","min":70,"max":80,"unit":"days","basis":"transplant","by_basis":{"seed":{"v":"100–125 days","min":100,"max":125},"transplant":{"v":"70–80 days","min":70,"max":80}}},"mature_height":{"v":"1.5–3 ft","min":18,"max":36,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"1–2 ft","min":12,"max":24,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"3 gal","min":3,"max":3,"unit":"gal"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"start_indoors_weeks_before_last_frost":{"max":8,"min":4},"transplant_days_after_last_frost":{"max":28,"min":14},"days_to_germination":{"max":14,"min":7}},"harvest_cues":["fruit_coloring"],"propagation":["transplant"],"pests":["tomato_hornworm","colorado_potato_beetle","three_lined_potato_beetle"],"diseases":["verticillium_wilt","pythium","fusarium_wilt"],"edible_parts":["fruit"],"human_toxicity":["toxic_flowers","toxic_unripe_fruit","toxic_leaves","toxic_stems"],"pet_toxicity":["toxic_to_horses"],"searched":["frost_damage_temp","frost_kill_temp"],"searched_why":{"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"Read the NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox entry for this species in full (https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/physalis/) and it states no cold-damage or cold-kill temperature — like every toolbox entry it gives a USDA hardiness ZONE range instead, which we already hold as hardiness_zone_min and hardiness_zone_max. That follows eleven other extension URL families swept for this crop on the same day (Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA, Missouri Botanical) which returned no page for it or no figure on the page. Across 150-plus verified-genuine pages the whole sweep produced two usable figures, and that IS the finding: extension publishes a hardiness class or zone for ordinary garden plants and reserves per-crop temperatures for critical-temperature tables — tree fruit at bloom, berries at bloom, citrus in winter, a few chilling-sensitive tropicals. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the frost alert already runs on it. Every page here was verified to be about this plant before being read, after this sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md).","searched":"2026-08-05"},"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Read the NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox entry for this species in full (https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/physalis/) and it states no cold-damage or cold-kill temperature — like every toolbox entry it gives a USDA hardiness ZONE range instead, which we already hold as hardiness_zone_min and hardiness_zone_max. That follows eleven other extension URL families swept for this crop on the same day (Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA, Missouri Botanical) which returned no page for it or no figure on the page. Across 150-plus verified-genuine pages the whole sweep produced two usable figures, and that IS the finding: extension publishes a hardiness class or zone for ordinary garden plants and reserves per-crop temperatures for critical-temperature tables — tree fruit at bloom, berries at bloom, citrus in winter, a few chilling-sensitive tropicals. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the frost alert already runs on it. Every page here was verified to be about this plant before being read, after this sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md).","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":6,"orgs":["NC State Extension","Penn State Extension (Master Gardener, Susquehanna Co.)","Seed Savers Exchange","Sow True Seed","University of Maryland Extension","University of Minnesota Extension"]},"varieties":[{"slug":"aunt-mollys-ground-cherry","name":"Aunt Molly's Ground Cherry","variety_type":"pruinosa_type","color":["orange"],"size":"small","heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"70","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"cape-gooseberry-ground-cherry","name":"Cape Gooseberry","variety_type":"peruviana_type","color":["orange"],"size":"medium","heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"90","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"pineapple-ground-cherry","name":"Pineapple Ground Cherry","variety_type":"pruinosa_type","color":["orange"],"size":"small","heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"75","dtm_basis":"transplant"}]},{"slug":"hairy-vetch","name":"Hairy vetch","display":"Hairy vetch","botanical":"Vicia villosa","family":"Fabaceae","kind":"cover_crop","category":"cover_crop","lifecycle":"annual","variety_count":4,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"low","frost_sensitivity":"very_hardy","frost_kill_temp":{"v":"5 °F","min":5,"max":5,"unit":"°F","stg":"standing_crop","rdg":"threshold"},"fertility":"low","soil_ph":{"v":"6–7","min":6,"max":7,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["loam","sandy","clay","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"1–3 in","min":1,"max":3,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"6–8 in","min":6,"max":8,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"0.5–0.75 in","min":0.5,"max":0.75,"unit":"in"},"mature_height":{"v":"1–3 ft","min":12,"max":36,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"1–3 ft","min":12,"max":36,"unit":"in"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"days_to_germination":{"max":14,"min":7}},"harvest_cues":["first_flowers","pods_visible"],"propagation":["direct_sow"],"pests":["aphids","cutworms","fall_armyworm","vetch_bruchid","lygus_bugs","leafhoppers","southern_corn_rootworm","root_knot_nematodes","soybean_cyst_nematode"],"diseases":["anthracnose","leaf_spot","downy_mildew","stem_rot","root_rot","rust"],"pet_toxicity":["toxic_to_horses"],"searched":["frost_damage_temp"],"searched_why":{"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"Read the NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox entry for this species in full (https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/vicia-villosa/) and it states no cold-damage or cold-kill temperature — like every toolbox entry it gives a USDA hardiness ZONE range instead, which we already hold as hardiness_zone_min and hardiness_zone_max. That follows eleven other extension URL families swept for this crop on the same day (Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA, Missouri Botanical) which returned no page for it or no figure on the page. Across 150-plus verified-genuine pages the whole sweep produced two usable figures, and that IS the finding: extension publishes a hardiness class or zone for ordinary garden plants and reserves per-crop temperatures for critical-temperature tables — tree fruit at bloom, berries at bloom, citrus in winter, a few chilling-sensitive tropicals. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the frost alert already runs on it. Every page here was verified to be about this plant before being read, after this sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md).","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":9,"orgs":["Alternative Field Crops Manual — Hairy Vetch (Undersander, Ehlke, Kaminski, Doll & Kelling, September 1990; Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison Cooperative Extension & Univ. of Minnesota; hosted at Purdue NewCROP). Same document family as the registered AFCM-RYE and AFCM-FLAX.","Cornell University (Bjorkman Lab) — covercrop.org","Iowa State University Extension and Outreach — Integrated Crop Management Encyclopedia, 'Hairy vetch as a cover crop' (Mark Licht). Last reviewed June 10, 2026.","Mississippi State University Extension Service","NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox","Oregon State University Extension Service — EM 8699, 'Hairy Vetch (Vicia villosa)', Sattell, Dick, Luna & McGrath, January 1998 (Oregon Cover Crops series). Archival PDF from ScholarsArchive@OSU; two-column layout, must be read with pdftotext -raw or the sentences interleave.","SARE (Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education)","USDA NRCS (Natural Resources Conservation Service) Plant Materials Program","University of California ANR — Alfalfa & Forage News"]},"varieties":[]},{"slug":"honeyberry","name":"Honeyberry","display":"Honeyberry","botanical":"Lonicera caerulea","family":"Caprifoliaceae","kind":"berry","category":"fruit","lifecycle":"perennial","variety_count":17,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"very_hardy","frost_damage_temp":{"v":"17–20 °F","min":17,"max":20,"unit":"°F","stg":"bloom","rdg":"tolerance_floor"},"fertility":"low","zones":{"v":"2–7","min":2,"max":7,"unit":"usda_zone"},"soil_ph":{"v":"5.5–8","min":5.5,"max":8,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["well_drained","high_organic_matter"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"36–48 in","min":36,"max":48,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"72–120 in","min":72,"max":120,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"1–3 in","min":1,"max":3,"unit":"in"},"years_to_harvest":{"v":"1–3 yr","min":1,"max":3,"unit":"yr"},"pollination":"needs_pollinizer","mature_height":{"v":"3–6 ft","min":36,"max":72,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"4–6 ft","min":48,"max":72,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"15–25 gal","min":15,"max":25,"unit":"gal","rm":"min_to_recommended"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"transplant_days_after_last_frost":{"max":14,"min":-28}},"harvest_cues":["fruit_coloring"],"propagation":["cutting","layering"],"pests":["birds"],"diseases":["powdery_mildew"],"edible_parts":["fruit"],"searched":["chill_hours","frost_kill_temp"],"searched_why":{"chill_hours":{"note":"Checked 2026-08-04 against all three multi-crop chilling tables and this crop's own cited pages. UC Marin confirms a requirement EXISTS without giving a number — 'like many perennial fruiting plants, require a certain number of chill hours to produce fruit' and 'select varieties with the lowest number of chill hours' — which is a variety-level instruction, not a species figure.","searched":"2026-08-04"},"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"North Dakota State University Carrington Research Extension Center and Utah State University Extension and University of Wisconsin-Madison Division of Extension states this crop's frost_damage_temp (17-20 F, bloom) and states NO separate temperature at which the plant is lost, and no other publication read in the 2026-08-05 sweep across twelve extension URL families supplies one. That is the normal shape outside the critical-temperature tables: those tables print a 10% and a 90% column together, which is where every paired record we hold comes from, and an ordinary crop page names one threshold or the other. LEAVING THIS EMPTY IS THE CORRECT OUTCOME, not a gap to fill later by inference. The two fields are read as a pair, so a guessed kill figure would manufacture a safety margin nobody measured — and the engine would print that margin to a gardener as if it were a fact. Where the crop is lost outright below the damage point, its frost_sensitivity class already says so and the alert already fires from it.","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":5,"orgs":["Missouri Botanical Garden","North Dakota State University Carrington Research Extension Center","Plants For A Future","University of Wisconsin-Madison Division of Extension","Utah State University Extension"]},"varieties":[]},{"slug":"horseradish","name":"Horseradish","display":"Horseradish","botanical":"Armoracia rusticana","family":"Brassicaceae","kind":"food_crop","category":"root_vegetable","lifecycle":"perennial","variety_count":4,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"hardy","growth_habit":["spreading"],"fertility":"moderate","zones":{"v":"2–9","min":2,"max":9,"unit":"usda_zone"},"soil_ph":{"v":"6–7.5","min":6,"max":7.5,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["loam","sandy","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"12 in","min":12,"max":12,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"18–36 in","min":18,"max":36,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"2–3 in","min":2,"max":3,"unit":"in"},"years_to_harvest":{"v":"0 yr","min":0,"max":0,"unit":"yr"},"mature_height":{"v":"2–5 ft","min":24,"max":60,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"1.5–4 ft","min":18,"max":48,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"5–15 gal","min":5,"max":15,"unit":"gal","rm":"min_to_recommended"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{},"harvest_cues":["lower_leaf_yellowing"],"propagation":["root_cutting","division"],"pests":["flea_beetles","imported_cabbageworm","mustard_leaf_beetle"],"diseases":["root_rot"],"edible_parts":["root","leaf"],"searched":["frost_damage_temp","frost_kill_temp"],"searched_why":{"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"Read Utah State University Extension's own page for this crop in full (https://extension.usu.edu/yardandgarden/research/horseradish-in-the-garden) — the page series that supplied the broccoli, cabbage, celery, radicchio and kale figures we do hold — and it publishes NO cold-tolerance temperature for this crop. Its only Fahrenheit figures are sowing soil minimums, germination optima, heat ceilings and post-harvest storage. Also read three multi-crop references: Michigan State's fall-vegetable freeze-damage guide, Oregon State's cold-hardy vegetable list and Iowa State's cold-and-freeze-damage page. All three sort crops into hardiness CATEGORIES (hard-frost-hardy under 28 F, light-frost-hardy 28-32 F, light-frost-susceptible) and none states a per-crop temperature. We already hold that category as frost_sensitivity, so copying a band edge in here would restate the class as if it were a measurement. The extensions also disagree about which band some crops belong in, which is the clearest sign the band is a judgment rather than a figure.","searched":"2026-08-05"},"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Read Utah State University Extension's own page for this crop in full (https://extension.usu.edu/yardandgarden/research/horseradish-in-the-garden) — the page series that supplied the broccoli, cabbage, celery, radicchio and kale figures we do hold — and it publishes NO cold-tolerance temperature for this crop. Its only Fahrenheit figures are sowing soil minimums, germination optima, heat ceilings and post-harvest storage. Also read three multi-crop references: Michigan State's fall-vegetable freeze-damage guide, Oregon State's cold-hardy vegetable list and Iowa State's cold-and-freeze-damage page. All three sort crops into hardiness CATEGORIES (hard-frost-hardy under 28 F, light-frost-hardy 28-32 F, light-frost-susceptible) and none states a per-crop temperature. We already hold that category as frost_sensitivity, so copying a band edge in here would restate the class as if it were a measurement. The extensions also disagree about which band some crops belong in, which is the clearest sign the band is a judgment rather than a figure.","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":8,"orgs":["Iowa State University Extension and Outreach","NC State Extension","Nebraska Extension (UNL/Lancaster County)","University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture Cooperative Extension Service","University of Illinois Extension","University of Minnesota Extension","University of Wisconsin-Madison Division of Extension","Utah State University Extension"]},"varieties":[]},{"slug":"kale","name":"Kale","display":"Kale","botanical":"Brassica oleracea Kale Group","family":"Brassicaceae","kind":"food_crop","category":"leafy_green","lifecycle":"biennial","variety_count":21,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"very_hardy","frost_damage_temp":{"v":"25 °F","min":25,"max":25,"unit":"°F","stg":"standing_crop","rdg":"tolerance_floor"},"fertility":"moderate","soil_ph":{"v":"6–7.5","min":6,"max":7.5,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["loam","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"12–18 in","min":12,"max":18,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"18–36 in","min":18,"max":36,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"0.25–0.5 in","min":0.25,"max":0.5,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"55 days","min":55,"max":55,"unit":"days","basis":"transplant","by_basis":{"seed":{"v":"40–80 days","min":40,"max":80},"transplant":{"v":"55 days","min":55,"max":55}}},"mature_height":{"v":"2–4 ft","min":24,"max":48,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"1–4 ft","min":12,"max":48,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"3 gal","min":3,"max":3,"unit":"gal"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"transplant_days_after_last_frost":{"max":-28,"min":-35},"direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost":{"max":-21,"min":-35},"direct_sow_days_relative_first_frost":-90,"fall_sow_calendar":[{"curation_status":"source_verified","from":"08-01","not_recommended":false,"place":"South Carolina — Piedmont","to":"09-30"},{"curation_status":"source_verified","from":"08-01","not_recommended":false,"place":"South Carolina — Coastal Plain","to":"10-30"}],"days_to_germination":{"max":21,"min":5}},"harvest_cues":["rapid_leaf_growth"],"propagation":["direct_sow","transplant"],"pests":["aphids","imported_cabbageworm","cabbage_looper","flea_beetles","diamondback_moth","cabbage_maggot","harlequin_bug","whiteflies","nematodes"],"diseases":["black_rot","clubroot","alternaria_leaf_spot","powdery_mildew","bacterial_leaf_blight"],"edible_parts":["leaf"],"searched":["frost_kill_temp","start_indoors_weeks_before_last_frost"],"searched_why":{"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Utah State University Extension states this crop's frost_damage_temp (25 F, standing_crop) and states NO separate temperature at which the plant is lost, and no other publication read in the 2026-08-05 sweep across twelve extension URL families supplies one. That is the normal shape outside the critical-temperature tables: those tables print a 10% and a 90% column together, which is where every paired record we hold comes from, and an ordinary crop page names one threshold or the other. LEAVING THIS EMPTY IS THE CORRECT OUTCOME, not a gap to fill later by inference. The two fields are read as a pair, so a guessed kill figure would manufacture a safety margin nobody measured — and the engine would print that margin to a gardener as if it were a fact. Where the crop is lost outright below the damage point, its frost_sensitivity class already says so and the alert already fires from it.","searched":"2026-08-05"},"start_indoors_weeks_before_last_frost":{"note":"No source we read gives one: \"sources give transplant age, not weeks-before-last-frost — anchor mismatch.\" Two separate passes reached the same conclusion: extension publishes weeks-before-set-out, which is a different anchor from weeks-before-last-frost and cannot be converted without knowing the set-out date.","searched":"2026-08-11"}},"sources":{"count":11,"orgs":["Clemson Cooperative Extension, Home & Garden Information Center","Harvest to Table","NC State Extension","Penn State Extension","University of Maryland Extension","University of Minnesota Extension","Utah State University Extension","West Virginia University Extension"]},"varieties":[{"slug":"black-magic-kale","name":"Black Magic Kale","variety_type":"lacinato_dino","color":["green"],"days_to_maturity":"65","dtm_basis":"seed"},{"slug":"lacinato-kale","name":"Lacinato Kale","variety_type":"lacinato_dino","color":["green"],"heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"60","dtm_basis":"seed"},{"slug":"red-russian-kale","name":"Red Russian Kale","variety_type":"red_russian","color":["green","purple"],"heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"50","dtm_basis":"seed"},{"slug":"redbor-kale","name":"Redbor Kale","variety_type":"curly","color":["red","purple"],"hybrid":true,"days_to_maturity":"55","dtm_basis":"seed"},{"slug":"siberian-kale","name":"Siberian Kale","variety_type":"siberian","color":["green"],"heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"60","dtm_basis":"seed"}]},{"slug":"kiwi","name":"Kiwi","display":"Kiwi","botanical":"Actinidia arguta / Actinidia deliciosa","family":"Actinidiaceae","kind":"fruit_tree","category":"fruit","lifecycle":"perennial","variety_count":16,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"high","frost_sensitivity":"hardy","fertility":"moderate","zones":{"v":"4–9","min":4,"max":9,"unit":"usda_zone"},"soil_ph":{"v":"5.5–7","min":5.5,"max":7,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["loam","well_drained","high_organic_matter"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"120–360 in","min":120,"max":360,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"120–180 in","min":120,"max":180,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"1–2 in","min":1,"max":2,"unit":"in"},"years_to_harvest":{"v":"3–5 yr","min":3,"max":5,"unit":"yr"},"chill_hours":{"v":"600–700 hrs","min":600,"max":700,"unit":"hrs"},"pollination":"needs_pollinizer","mature_height":{"v":"15–40 ft","min":180,"max":480,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"6–20 ft","min":72,"max":240,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"20 gal","min":20,"max":20,"unit":"gal"},"needs_support":true,"timing":{"transplant_days_after_last_frost":{"max":21,"min":0}},"harvest_cues":["fruit_coloring"],"propagation":["cutting","grafting","layering","seed"],"pests":["spider_mites","leafrollers","thrips","japanese_beetle","root_knot_nematodes","deer"],"diseases":["phytophthora_root_rot","gray_mold","sclerotinia_blight"],"edible_parts":["fruit"],"searched":["frost_damage_temp","frost_kill_temp"],"searched_why":{"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"Searched Penn State \"Hardy Kiwi in the Home Fruit Planting\", which states the spring shoots are \"extremely sensitive to frost\" and that the dormant vine tolerates -30 F, but publishes NO temperature for the shoots. A search summary attributed \"30 F for only 30 minutes severely damages shoots\" to that page; the page does not contain it. The two publications that might carry the figure — NC State's Kiwifruit and Oregon State's home-garden kiwifruit guide — both return HTTP 403 to our fetcher, so neither could be read. Left unopened-with-a-search rather than recorded: the number may well be right, and we do not publish numbers we have not read. Worth retrying when those two hosts are reachable, because kiwi is the sharpest example of the whole problem — winter hardy to -30 F and its spring shoots lost at close to freezing.","searched":"2026-08-05"},"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Searched Penn State \"Hardy Kiwi in the Home Fruit Planting\", which states the spring shoots are \"extremely sensitive to frost\" and that the dormant vine tolerates -30 F, but publishes NO temperature for the shoots. A search summary attributed \"30 F for only 30 minutes severely damages shoots\" to that page; the page does not contain it. The two publications that might carry the figure — NC State's Kiwifruit and Oregon State's home-garden kiwifruit guide — both return HTTP 403 to our fetcher, so neither could be read. Left unopened-with-a-search rather than recorded: the number may well be right, and we do not publish numbers we have not read. Worth retrying when those two hosts are reachable, because kiwi is the sharpest example of the whole problem — winter hardy to -30 F and its spring shoots lost at close to freezing.","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":8,"orgs":["Cornell University (Cornell Guide to Growing Fruit at Home)","NC State Extension","Ohio State University Extension","Penn State Extension","University of California Small Farms Network","University of Minnesota Extension","University of Wisconsin-Madison Division of Extension"]},"varieties":[]},{"slug":"kohlrabi","name":"Kohlrabi","display":"Kohlrabi","botanical":"Brassica oleracea Kohlrabi Group","family":"Brassicaceae","kind":"food_crop","category":"stem_vegetable","lifecycle":"biennial","variety_count":15,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"half_hardy","fertility":"moderate","zones":{"v":"2–11","min":2,"max":11,"unit":"usda_zone"},"soil_ph":{"v":"6–7.5","min":6,"max":7.5,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["loam","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"4–6 in","min":4,"max":6,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"12–24 in","min":12,"max":24,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"0.25–0.5 in","min":0.25,"max":0.5,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"40–60 days","min":40,"max":60,"unit":"days","basis":"seed","by_basis":{"seed":{"v":"40–60 days","min":40,"max":60}}},"mature_height":{"v":"9–12 in","min":9,"max":12,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"9–12 in","min":9,"max":12,"unit":"in"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"start_indoors_weeks_before_last_frost":{"max":8,"min":6},"transplant_days_after_last_frost":{"max":-7,"min":-14},"direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost":{"max":-7,"min":-14},"days_to_germination":{"max":10,"min":5}},"harvest_cues":["bulb_shoulder_visible"],"propagation":["direct_sow","transplant"],"pests":["aphids","imported_cabbageworm","cabbage_looper","flea_beetles","diamondback_moth","cabbage_maggot","swede_midge","cutworms"],"diseases":["alternaria_leaf_spot","black_rot","blackleg","clubroot","downy_mildew","fusarium_yellows","bacterial_soft_rot"],"edible_parts":["stem","leaf"],"searched":["container_min_volume","frost_damage_temp","frost_kill_temp"],"searched_why":{"container_min_volume":{"note":"Both University of Maryland container pages read directly and hand-verified against the live text: neither names kohlrabi anywhere. Alabama Cooperative Extension's \"Grow More Kohlrabi\" (ANR-2876-U) does carry a real, dedicated per-crop line — \"Space 6 to 8 inches apart within rows or 4 to 6 plants per 5-gallon container\" — but that states a SHARED container holding several plants, and this field is defined per single plant. Dividing 5 gallons by 4-6 plants would manufacture a figure no source states, the same shape as converting garlic's depth into a volume. A genuine citation exists and is recorded here for the next pass; it does not resolve to a per-plant floor without an assumption this field's contract does not license.","searched":"2026-08-07"},"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"Read Utah State University Extension's own page for this crop in full (https://extension.usu.edu/yardandgarden/research/kohlrabi-in-the-garden) — the page series that supplied the broccoli, cabbage, celery, radicchio and kale figures we do hold — and it publishes NO cold-tolerance temperature for this crop. Its only Fahrenheit figures are sowing soil minimums, germination optima, heat ceilings and post-harvest storage. Also read three multi-crop references: Michigan State's fall-vegetable freeze-damage guide, Oregon State's cold-hardy vegetable list and Iowa State's cold-and-freeze-damage page. All three sort crops into hardiness CATEGORIES (hard-frost-hardy under 28 F, light-frost-hardy 28-32 F, light-frost-susceptible) and none states a per-crop temperature. We already hold that category as frost_sensitivity, so copying a band edge in here would restate the class as if it were a measurement. The extensions also disagree about which band some crops belong in, which is the clearest sign the band is a judgment rather than a figure.","searched":"2026-08-05"},"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Read Utah State University Extension's own page for this crop in full (https://extension.usu.edu/yardandgarden/research/kohlrabi-in-the-garden) — the page series that supplied the broccoli, cabbage, celery, radicchio and kale figures we do hold — and it publishes NO cold-tolerance temperature for this crop. Its only Fahrenheit figures are sowing soil minimums, germination optima, heat ceilings and post-harvest storage. Also read three multi-crop references: Michigan State's fall-vegetable freeze-damage guide, Oregon State's cold-hardy vegetable list and Iowa State's cold-and-freeze-damage page. All three sort crops into hardiness CATEGORIES (hard-frost-hardy under 28 F, light-frost-hardy 28-32 F, light-frost-susceptible) and none states a per-crop temperature. We already hold that category as frost_sensitivity, so copying a band edge in here would restate the class as if it were a measurement. The extensions also disagree about which band some crops belong in, which is the clearest sign the band is a judgment rather than a figure.","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":7,"orgs":["Harvest to Table","Johnny's Selected Seeds","Missouri Botanical Garden","NC State Extension","University of Minnesota Extension","Utah State University Extension"]},"varieties":[]},{"slug":"lavender","name":"English Lavender","display":"English Lavender","botanical":"Lavandula angustifolia","family":"Lamiaceae","kind":"herb","category":"herb","lifecycle":"perennial","variety_count":29,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"low","frost_sensitivity":"hardy","growth_habit":["mounding","rounded"],"fertility":"low","zones":{"v":"5–8","min":5,"max":8,"unit":"usda_zone"},"soil_ph":{"v":"6.5–7.5","min":6.5,"max":7.5,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["sandy","loam","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"18–24 in","min":18,"max":24,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"24–36 in","min":24,"max":36,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"0–0.25 in","min":0,"max":0.25,"unit":"in"},"mature_height":{"v":"1–2 ft","min":12,"max":24,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"1–3 ft","min":12,"max":36,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"5–6 gal","min":5,"max":6,"unit":"gal","rm":"min_to_recommended"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"transplant_days_after_last_frost":{"max":14,"min":0},"days_to_germination":{"max":21,"min":14}},"harvest_cues":["first_flowers"],"propagation":["cutting","division","seed"],"pests":["grasshoppers"],"diseases":["root_rot","leaf_spot"],"edible_parts":["flower"],"pet_toxicity":["toxic_to_dogs","toxic_to_cats","toxic_to_horses"],"searched":["frost_damage_temp","frost_kill_temp"],"searched_why":{"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"Read the NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox entry for this species in full (https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/lavandula-angustifolia/) and it states no cold-damage or cold-kill temperature — like every toolbox entry it gives a USDA hardiness ZONE range instead, which we already hold as hardiness_zone_min and hardiness_zone_max. That follows eleven other extension URL families swept for this crop on the same day (Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA, Missouri Botanical) which returned no page for it or no figure on the page. Across 150-plus verified-genuine pages the whole sweep produced two usable figures, and that IS the finding: extension publishes a hardiness class or zone for ordinary garden plants and reserves per-crop temperatures for critical-temperature tables — tree fruit at bloom, berries at bloom, citrus in winter, a few chilling-sensitive tropicals. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the frost alert already runs on it. Every page here was verified to be about this plant before being read, after this sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md).","searched":"2026-08-05"},"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Read the NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox entry for this species in full (https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/lavandula-angustifolia/) and it states no cold-damage or cold-kill temperature — like every toolbox entry it gives a USDA hardiness ZONE range instead, which we already hold as hardiness_zone_min and hardiness_zone_max. That follows eleven other extension URL families swept for this crop on the same day (Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA, Missouri Botanical) which returned no page for it or no figure on the page. Across 150-plus verified-genuine pages the whole sweep produced two usable figures, and that IS the finding: extension publishes a hardiness class or zone for ordinary garden plants and reserves per-crop temperatures for critical-temperature tables — tree fruit at bloom, berries at bloom, citrus in winter, a few chilling-sensitive tropicals. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the frost alert already runs on it. Every page here was verified to be about this plant before being read, after this sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md).","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":7,"orgs":["ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center","Missouri Botanical Garden","NC State Extension","University of Illinois Extension","University of Maryland Extension","Utah State University Extension"]},"varieties":[{"slug":"anouk-lavender","name":"Anouk Lavender","variety_type":"spanish","color":["purple"]},{"slug":"fern-leaf-lavender","name":"Fern Leaf Lavender","variety_type":"multifida","color":["purple"]},{"slug":"grosso-lavender","name":"Grosso Lavender","variety_type":"lavandin","color":["purple"]},{"slug":"hidcote-lavender","name":"Hidcote Lavender","variety_type":"english","color":["blue"],"heirloom":true},{"slug":"munstead-lavender","name":"Munstead Lavender","variety_type":"english","color":["purple"],"heirloom":true},{"slug":"phenomenal-lavender","name":"Phenomenal Lavender","variety_type":"lavandin","color":["purple"]},{"slug":"provence-lavender","name":"Provence Lavender","variety_type":"lavandin","color":["purple"]},{"slug":"super-blue-lavender","name":"Super Blue Lavender","variety_type":"english","color":["purple"]},{"slug":"sweet-romance-lavender","name":"Sweet Romance Lavender","variety_type":"english","color":["purple"]}]},{"slug":"leek","name":"Leek","display":"Leek","botanical":"Allium ampeloprasum","family":"Amaryllidaceae","kind":"food_crop","category":"bulb_vegetable","lifecycle":"biennial","variety_count":22,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"hardy","fertility":"moderate","zones":{"v":"5–10","min":5,"max":10,"unit":"usda_zone"},"soil_ph":{"v":"6–7","min":6,"max":7,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["loam","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"4–6 in","min":4,"max":6,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"8–16 in","min":8,"max":16,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"0.25–0.5 in","min":0.25,"max":0.5,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"90–120 days","min":90,"max":120,"unit":"days","basis":"transplant","by_basis":{"seed":{"v":"100–150 days","min":100,"max":150},"transplant":{"v":"90–120 days","min":90,"max":120}}},"mature_height":{"v":"2–3 ft","min":24,"max":36,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"1–2 ft","min":12,"max":24,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"2–5 gal","min":2,"max":5,"unit":"gal","rm":"min_to_recommended"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"start_indoors_weeks_before_last_frost":{"max":8,"min":6},"transplant_days_after_last_frost":{"max":-14,"min":-21},"direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost":{"max":-14,"min":-28},"days_to_germination":{"max":14,"min":7}},"harvest_cues":["stem_reached_harvest_size"],"propagation":["direct_sow","transplant"],"pests":["onion_maggot","thrips","wireworms","allium_leafminer","bulb_mites","slugs"],"diseases":["rust","mildew","leaf_spot","rot"],"edible_parts":["leaf","bulb"],"human_toxicity":["oxalic_acid","contact_dermatitis"],"pet_toxicity":["toxic_to_dogs","toxic_to_cats","toxic_to_horses"],"searched":["frost_damage_temp","frost_kill_temp"],"searched_why":{"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"Read Utah State University Extension's own page for this crop in full (https://extension.usu.edu/yardandgarden/research/leeks-in-the-garden) — the page series that supplied the broccoli, cabbage, celery, radicchio and kale figures we do hold — and it publishes NO cold-tolerance temperature for this crop. Its only Fahrenheit figures are sowing soil minimums, germination optima, heat ceilings and post-harvest storage. Also read three multi-crop references: Michigan State's fall-vegetable freeze-damage guide, Oregon State's cold-hardy vegetable list and Iowa State's cold-and-freeze-damage page. All three sort crops into hardiness CATEGORIES (hard-frost-hardy under 28 F, light-frost-hardy 28-32 F, light-frost-susceptible) and none states a per-crop temperature. We already hold that category as frost_sensitivity, so copying a band edge in here would restate the class as if it were a measurement. The extensions also disagree about which band some crops belong in, which is the clearest sign the band is a judgment rather than a figure.","searched":"2026-08-05"},"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Read Utah State University Extension's own page for this crop in full (https://extension.usu.edu/yardandgarden/research/leeks-in-the-garden) — the page series that supplied the broccoli, cabbage, celery, radicchio and kale figures we do hold — and it publishes NO cold-tolerance temperature for this crop. Its only Fahrenheit figures are sowing soil minimums, germination optima, heat ceilings and post-harvest storage. Also read three multi-crop references: Michigan State's fall-vegetable freeze-damage guide, Oregon State's cold-hardy vegetable list and Iowa State's cold-and-freeze-damage page. All three sort crops into hardiness CATEGORIES (hard-frost-hardy under 28 F, light-frost-hardy 28-32 F, light-frost-susceptible) and none states a per-crop temperature. We already hold that category as frost_sensitivity, so copying a band edge in here would restate the class as if it were a measurement. The extensions also disagree about which band some crops belong in, which is the clearest sign the band is a judgment rather than a figure.","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":10,"orgs":["ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center","Clemson Cooperative Extension, Home & Garden Information Center","Cornell University Home Gardening (Cornell Cooperative Extension)","Michigan State University Extension","NC State Extension","Penn State Extension","University of Maryland Extension","University of Minnesota Extension","Utah State University Extension"]},"varieties":[]},{"slug":"lemon","name":"Lemon","display":"Lemon","botanical":"Citrus limon","family":"Rutaceae","kind":"fruit_tree","category":"fruit","lifecycle":"perennial","variety_count":12,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"tender","frost_damage_temp":{"v":"28–31 °F","min":28,"max":31,"unit":"°F","stg":"dormant_top_growth","rdg":"threshold"},"frost_kill_temp":{"v":"20 °F","min":20,"max":20,"unit":"°F","stg":"dormant_top_growth","rdg":"threshold"},"fertility":"moderate","zones":{"v":"9–11","min":9,"max":11,"unit":"usda_zone"},"soil_ph":{"v":"5.5–6.5","min":5.5,"max":6.5,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["loam","sandy","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"180–300 in","min":180,"max":300,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"180–300 in","min":180,"max":300,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"At soil level","min":0,"max":0,"unit":"in"},"years_to_harvest":{"v":"2–3 yr","min":2,"max":3,"unit":"yr","as":"grafted","alt":{"own_root":{"v":"7–10 yr","min":7,"max":10}}},"chill_hours":{"v":"0–100 hrs","min":0,"max":100,"unit":"hrs"},"pollination":"self_fertile","mature_height":{"v":"10–20 ft","min":120,"max":240,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"10–15 ft","min":120,"max":180,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"10–25 gal","min":10,"max":25,"unit":"gal","rm":"pot_up"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"transplant_days_after_last_frost":{"max":30,"min":0}},"harvest_cues":["fruit_coloring"],"propagation":["grafting","budding","transplant"],"pests":["aphids","spider_mites","mealybugs","citrus_leafminer","asian_citrus_psyllid","citrus_rust_mite","citrus_red_mite","florida_red_scale","snow_scale","broad_mite"],"diseases":["citrus_canker","citrus_scab","citrus_greening","sooty_mold","greasy_spot","melanose"],"edible_parts":["fruit"],"human_toxicity":["contact_dermatitis"],"pet_toxicity":["toxic_to_dogs","toxic_to_cats","toxic_to_horses"],"sources":{"count":6,"orgs":["Mississippi State University Extension","NC State Extension","Texas A&M AgriLife Extension (Aggie Horticulture)","UF/IFAS Extension","University of Arizona Cooperative Extension","University of California Master Gardeners of Placer County"]},"varieties":[{"slug":"eureka-lemon","name":"Eureka Lemon","variety_type":"true_lemon","size":"medium","heirloom":true},{"slug":"improved-meyer-lemon","name":"Improved Meyer Lemon","variety_type":"meyer","color":["orange"],"size":"medium","heirloom":true},{"slug":"lisbon-lemon","name":"Lisbon Lemon","variety_type":"true_lemon","size":"medium","heirloom":true},{"slug":"ponderosa-lemon","name":"Ponderosa Lemon","variety_type":"citron_lemon_hybrid","size":"very_large","heirloom":true}]},{"slug":"lemon-balm","name":"Lemon Balm","display":"Lemon Balm","botanical":"Melissa officinalis","family":"Lamiaceae","kind":"herb","category":"herb","lifecycle":"perennial","variety_count":5,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"very_hardy","fertility":"low","zones":{"v":"3–9","min":3,"max":9,"unit":"usda_zone"},"soil_ph":{"v":"6–8","min":6,"max":8,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["loam","sandy","clay","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"16–24 in","min":16,"max":24,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"24–36 in","min":24,"max":36,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"0.125–0.25 in","min":0.125,"max":0.25,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"60–80 days","min":60,"max":80,"unit":"days","basis":"transplant","by_basis":{"seed":{"v":"90–120 days","min":90,"max":120},"transplant":{"v":"60–80 days","min":60,"max":80}}},"mature_height":{"v":"2–3 ft","min":24,"max":36,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"1.5–3 ft","min":18,"max":36,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"2–5 gal","min":2,"max":5,"unit":"gal","rm":"min_to_recommended"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"start_indoors_weeks_before_last_frost":{"max":6,"min":4},"transplant_days_after_last_frost":{"max":14,"min":0},"direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost":{"max":0,"min":-14},"days_to_germination":{"max":21,"min":10}},"harvest_cues":["rapid_leaf_growth"],"propagation":["seed","division","cutting","root_cutting","layering"],"pests":["aphids","spider_mites"],"diseases":["powdery_mildew","root_rot"],"edible_parts":["leaf","flower"],"pet_toxicity":["non_toxic_to_dogs","non_toxic_to_cats","non_toxic_to_horses"],"searched":["frost_damage_temp","frost_kill_temp"],"searched_why":{"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"Read Utah State University Extension's \"How to Grow Lemon Balm in Your Garden\" page in full — the series that supplied our broccoli, cabbage, celery, radicchio and kale figures — and it states no cold-damage or cold-survival temperature for this crop. Its Fahrenheit figures are sowing soil minimums, germination optima, heat ceilings and storage conditions. Page confirmed genuine by title and by mention count, after a sweep on this date found Utah State serving its \"Page Not Found\" page with an HTTP 200 and 40KB of chrome — 23 crops nearly received a note claiming a search that never happened (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md).","searched":"2026-08-05"},"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Read Utah State University Extension's \"How to Grow Lemon Balm in Your Garden\" page in full — the series that supplied our broccoli, cabbage, celery, radicchio and kale figures — and it states no cold-damage or cold-survival temperature for this crop. Its Fahrenheit figures are sowing soil minimums, germination optima, heat ceilings and storage conditions. Page confirmed genuine by title and by mention count, after a sweep on this date found Utah State serving its \"Page Not Found\" page with an HTTP 200 and 40KB of chrome — 23 crops nearly received a note claiming a search that never happened (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md).","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":5,"orgs":["NC State Extension","University of Illinois Extension","University of Minnesota Extension","University of Wisconsin-Madison Division of Extension","Utah State University Extension"]},"varieties":[]},{"slug":"lemongrass","name":"Lemongrass","display":"Lemongrass","botanical":"Cymbopogon citratus","family":"Poaceae","kind":"herb","category":"herb","lifecycle":"perennial","variety_count":2,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"tender","fertility":"moderate","zones":{"v":"8–11","min":8,"max":11,"unit":"usda_zone","cv":"This is where lemongrass survives the winter outdoors. Colder than zone 8 it is grown as an annual, or lifted into a pot and kept indoors until spring."},"soil_ph":{"v":"5–8.4","min":5,"max":8.4,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["loam","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"24–36 in","min":24,"max":36,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"24–36 in","min":24,"max":36,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"1–2 in","min":1,"max":2,"unit":"in"},"mature_height":{"v":"2–6 ft","min":24,"max":72,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"2–4 ft","min":24,"max":48,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"5–7 gal","min":5,"max":7,"unit":"gal","rm":"min_to_recommended"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"transplant_days_after_last_frost":{"max":14,"min":0}},"harvest_cues":["stem_reached_harvest_size"],"propagation":["division","cutting","transplant","seed"],"pests":["spider_mites"],"diseases":["leaf_blight","rust","grassy_shoot"],"edible_parts":["stem","leaf"],"pet_toxicity":["toxic_to_dogs","toxic_to_cats","toxic_to_horses"],"searched":["frost_damage_temp","frost_kill_temp"],"searched_why":{"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"Swept ten extension URL families for this crop on 2026-08-05 — Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA and Missouri Botanical Garden — and read in full every page that genuinely covers it. None states a temperature at which the plant takes cold damage or dies. Every page was verified to be about this crop before being read, after the same sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" page with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md). Across 100-plus pages the sweep produced two usable figures, which is the finding: extension publishes a hardiness CLASS for ordinary garden crops, not a per-crop temperature. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the alert engine already uses it.","searched":"2026-08-05"},"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Swept ten extension URL families for this crop on 2026-08-05 — Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA and Missouri Botanical Garden — and read in full every page that genuinely covers it. None states a temperature at which the plant takes cold damage or dies. Every page was verified to be about this crop before being read, after the same sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" page with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md). Across 100-plus pages the sweep produced two usable figures, which is the finding: extension publishes a hardiness CLASS for ordinary garden crops, not a per-crop temperature. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the alert engine already uses it.","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":7,"orgs":["ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center","NC State Extension","Penn State PlantVillage","Texas A&M AgriLife Extension (Henderson County Master Gardeners)","University of Florida IFAS Extension (Gardening Solutions)","University of Florida IFAS Extension (Nassau County)","Utah State University Extension"]},"varieties":[]},{"slug":"lentil","name":"Lentil","display":"Lentil","botanical":"Lens culinaris","family":"Fabaceae","kind":"food_crop","category":"legume","lifecycle":"annual","variety_count":6,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"low","frost_sensitivity":"hardy","fertility":"low","soil_ph":{"v":"6–8","min":6,"max":8,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["sandy","loam","clay","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"1–2 in","min":1,"max":2,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"6–12 in","min":6,"max":12,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"1–2 in","min":1,"max":2,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"80–120 days","min":80,"max":120,"unit":"days","basis":"seed","by_basis":{"seed":{"v":"80–120 days","min":80,"max":120}}},"mature_height":{"v":"12–20 in","min":12,"max":20,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"6–12 in","min":6,"max":12,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"2–5 gal","min":2,"max":5,"unit":"gal","rm":"min_to_recommended"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost":{"max":-7,"min":-28},"days_to_germination":{"max":14,"min":7}},"harvest_cues":["lower_leaf_yellowing"],"propagation":["direct_sow"],"pests":["aphids","thrips","lygus_bugs","seed_corn_maggot","wireworms"],"diseases":["ascochyta_blight","white_mold","fusarium_root_rot","rhizoctonia_root_rot"],"edible_parts":["seed"],"searched":["frost_damage_temp","frost_kill_temp"],"searched_why":{"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"NO EXTENSION PUBLICATION COVERING THIS CROP WAS FOUND, which is a different finding from a page that omits the figure and is recorded as such. Tried on 2026-08-05: twelve extension URL families (Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA, Missouri Botanical, Cornell's vegetable guides, UF/IFAS EDIS), the NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox addressed by this crop's own botanical name, and a targeted name search of the extension domains. Every candidate returned a not-found page — verified as not-found by title rather than by status code, after this sweep caught a university CMS serving its 404 with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md). Lentil is grown in the US almost entirely as a field crop, so what extension writes about it is agronomy for growers rather than home-garden care. The crop's frost_sensitivity class is recorded and the frost alert runs on it; what is missing is only the per-crop temperature, which for this crop US extension does not appear to publish at all.","searched":"2026-08-05"},"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"NO EXTENSION PUBLICATION COVERING THIS CROP WAS FOUND, which is a different finding from a page that omits the figure and is recorded as such. Tried on 2026-08-05: twelve extension URL families (Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA, Missouri Botanical, Cornell's vegetable guides, UF/IFAS EDIS), the NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox addressed by this crop's own botanical name, and a targeted name search of the extension domains. Every candidate returned a not-found page — verified as not-found by title rather than by status code, after this sweep caught a university CMS serving its 404 with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md). Lentil is grown in the US almost entirely as a field crop, so what extension writes about it is agronomy for growers rather than home-garden care. The crop's frost_sensitivity class is recorded and the frost alert runs on it; what is missing is only the per-crop temperature, which for this crop US extension does not appear to publish at all.","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":3,"orgs":["Plants For A Future","UW-Madison Corn Agronomy (Alternative Field Crops Manual)","University of Idaho Cooperative Extension Service (College of Agriculture)"]},"varieties":[]},{"slug":"lettuce-head","name":"Lettuce, head","display":"Head Lettuce","botanical":"Lactuca sativa","family":"Asteraceae","kind":"food_crop","category":"leafy_green","lifecycle":"annual","variety_count":55,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"half_hardy","fertility":"moderate","soil_ph":{"v":"6–6.8","min":6,"max":6.8,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"10–12 in","min":10,"max":12,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"12–18 in","min":12,"max":18,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"0.25–0.5 in","min":0.25,"max":0.5,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"30–40 days","min":30,"max":40,"unit":"days","basis":"transplant","by_basis":{"seed":{"v":"55–80 days","min":55,"max":80},"transplant":{"v":"30–40 days","min":30,"max":40}}},"mature_height":{"v":"6–12 in","min":6,"max":12,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"6–12 in","min":6,"max":12,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"1–2 gal","min":1,"max":2,"unit":"gal","rm":"min_to_recommended"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"start_indoors_weeks_before_last_frost":{"max":6,"min":4},"transplant_days_after_last_frost":0,"direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost":{"max":-14,"min":-28},"fall_sow_calendar":[{"curation_status":"source_verified","from":"09-05","not_recommended":false,"place":"South Carolina — Coastal Plain","to":"11-01"},{"curation_status":"source_verified","from":null,"not_recommended":true,"place":"South Carolina — Piedmont","to":null}],"days_to_germination":{"max":10,"min":7}},"harvest_cues":["head_forming"],"propagation":["transplant","direct_sow"],"pests":["aphids","cabbage_looper","corn_earworm","leafhoppers","cutworms","slugs","flea_beetles"],"diseases":["gray_mold","bottom_rot","sclerotinia_drop","aster_yellows","damping_off"],"edible_parts":["leaf"],"searched":["frost_damage_temp","frost_kill_temp"],"searched_why":{"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"Utah State University Extension's https://extension.usu.edu/yardandgarden/research/lettuce-in-the-garden page does give a number — \"temperatures down to 32F do not seriously damage plants\" — and it was deliberately NOT recorded. 32 F is the freezing point, and a tolerance floor sitting exactly there says only that the crop is fine at a light frost, which is what its hardiness class already says. It carries no information about how much colder the plant takes, because USU never tested lower. Storing it would make the app fire a frost alert AT a temperature its own source calls safe, on the cool-season crops most likely to be standing in an autumn garden — every light-frost night, for a plant in no trouble. Parsnip proves the point: this page floors it at 32 F while Oregon State reports parsnips tolerant to 0 F. A useful floor here has to be BELOW freezing, as broccoli's 28, cabbage's 25 and kale's 25 are. Also read Michigan State's, Oregon State's and Iowa State's multi-crop guides; all three publish hardiness categories rather than per-crop temperatures.","searched":"2026-08-05"},"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Utah State University Extension's https://extension.usu.edu/yardandgarden/research/lettuce-in-the-garden page does give a number — \"temperatures down to 32F do not seriously damage plants\" — and it was deliberately NOT recorded. 32 F is the freezing point, and a tolerance floor sitting exactly there says only that the crop is fine at a light frost, which is what its hardiness class already says. It carries no information about how much colder the plant takes, because USU never tested lower. Storing it would make the app fire a frost alert AT a temperature its own source calls safe, on the cool-season crops most likely to be standing in an autumn garden — every light-frost night, for a plant in no trouble. Parsnip proves the point: this page floors it at 32 F while Oregon State reports parsnips tolerant to 0 F. A useful floor here has to be BELOW freezing, as broccoli's 28, cabbage's 25 and kale's 25 are. Also read Michigan State's, Oregon State's and Iowa State's multi-crop guides; all three publish hardiness categories rather than per-crop temperatures.","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":10,"orgs":["Clemson Cooperative Extension HGIC","Clemson Cooperative Extension, Home & Garden Information Center","Iowa State University Extension and Outreach","LSU AgCenter","Michigan State University Extension","NC State Extension","University of Illinois Extension","University of Maryland Extension","University of Minnesota Extension","Utah State University Extension"]},"varieties":[{"slug":"bibb-lettuce-head","name":"Bibb Lettuce","variety_type":"butterhead","color":["green"],"heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"65","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"buttercrunch-lettuce-head","name":"Buttercrunch Lettuce","variety_type":"butterhead","color":["green"],"days_to_maturity":"50","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"iceberg-lettuce-head","name":"Iceberg Lettuce","variety_type":"crisphead","color":["green"],"heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"70–79","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"little-gem-lettuce-head","name":"Little Gem Lettuce","variety_type":"romaine","color":["green"],"heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"68","dtm_basis":"transplant"}]},{"slug":"lettuce-leaf","name":"Lettuce, leaf","display":"Leaf Lettuce","botanical":"Lactuca sativa","family":"Asteraceae","kind":"food_crop","category":"leafy_green","lifecycle":"annual","variety_count":42,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"half_hardy","fertility":"moderate","soil_ph":{"v":"6–6.8","min":6,"max":6.8,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["loam","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"4–12 in","min":4,"max":12,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"12–18 in","min":12,"max":18,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"0.25–0.5 in","min":0.25,"max":0.5,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"30–40 days","min":30,"max":40,"unit":"days","basis":"transplant","by_basis":{"seed":{"v":"50–60 days","min":50,"max":60},"transplant":{"v":"30–40 days","min":30,"max":40}}},"mature_height":{"v":"6–12 in","min":6,"max":12,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"6–12 in","min":6,"max":12,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"0.5 gal","min":0.5,"max":0.5,"unit":"gal"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"start_indoors_weeks_before_last_frost":{"max":6,"min":4},"transplant_days_after_last_frost":0,"direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost":{"max":-14,"min":-28},"days_to_germination":{"max":10,"min":7}},"harvest_cues":["rapid_leaf_growth"],"propagation":["direct_sow","transplant"],"pests":["aphids","slugs","cutworms","leafhoppers","cabbage_looper","flea_beetles"],"diseases":["gray_mold","bottom_rot","sclerotinia_drop"],"edible_parts":["leaf"],"searched":["frost_damage_temp","frost_kill_temp"],"searched_why":{"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"Read the NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox entry for this species in full (https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/lactuca-sativa/) and it states no cold-damage or cold-kill temperature — like every toolbox entry it gives a USDA hardiness ZONE range instead, which we already hold as hardiness_zone_min and hardiness_zone_max. That follows eleven other extension URL families swept for this crop on the same day (Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA, Missouri Botanical) which returned no page for it or no figure on the page. Across 150-plus verified-genuine pages the whole sweep produced two usable figures, and that IS the finding: extension publishes a hardiness class or zone for ordinary garden plants and reserves per-crop temperatures for critical-temperature tables — tree fruit at bloom, berries at bloom, citrus in winter, a few chilling-sensitive tropicals. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the frost alert already runs on it. Every page here was verified to be about this plant before being read, after this sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md).","searched":"2026-08-05"},"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Read the NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox entry for this species in full (https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/lactuca-sativa/) and it states no cold-damage or cold-kill temperature — like every toolbox entry it gives a USDA hardiness ZONE range instead, which we already hold as hardiness_zone_min and hardiness_zone_max. That follows eleven other extension URL families swept for this crop on the same day (Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA, Missouri Botanical) which returned no page for it or no figure on the page. Across 150-plus verified-genuine pages the whole sweep produced two usable figures, and that IS the finding: extension publishes a hardiness class or zone for ordinary garden plants and reserves per-crop temperatures for critical-temperature tables — tree fruit at bloom, berries at bloom, citrus in winter, a few chilling-sensitive tropicals. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the frost alert already runs on it. Every page here was verified to be about this plant before being read, after this sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md).","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":10,"orgs":["Clemson Cooperative Extension HGIC","Iowa State University Extension and Outreach","Michigan State University Extension","NC State Extension","UF/IFAS Extension Leon County","University of Illinois Extension","University of Maryland Extension","University of Minnesota Extension","Utah State University Extension"]},"varieties":[{"slug":"black-seeded-simpson-lettuce-leaf","name":"Black Seeded Simpson Lettuce","variety_type":"looseleaf","color":["green"],"heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"45","dtm_basis":"seed"},{"slug":"red-sails-lettuce-leaf","name":"Red Sails Lettuce","variety_type":"looseleaf","color":["green","red","brown"],"days_to_maturity":"45","dtm_basis":"seed"}]},{"slug":"lima-bean","name":"Lima bean (butter bean)","display":"Lima bean","botanical":"Phaseolus lunatus","family":"Fabaceae","kind":"food_crop","category":"legume","lifecycle":"annual","variety_count":13,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"tender","growth_habit":["bush","pole"],"fertility":"moderate","soil_ph":{"v":"5.8–7","min":5.8,"max":7,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"4–6 in","min":4,"max":6,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"18–36 in","min":18,"max":36,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"1–1.5 in","min":1,"max":1.5,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"65–110 days","min":65,"max":110,"unit":"days","basis":"seed","by_basis":{"seed":{"v":"65–110 days","min":65,"max":110}}},"mature_height":{"v":"1.5–3 ft","min":18,"max":36,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"1–2 ft","min":12,"max":24,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"5 gal","min":5,"max":5,"unit":"gal"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost":{"max":21,"min":7},"fall_sow_calendar":[{"curation_status":"source_verified","from":"07-01","not_recommended":false,"place":"South Carolina — Piedmont","to":"07-15"},{"curation_status":"source_verified","from":"07-15","not_recommended":false,"place":"South Carolina — Coastal Plain","to":"08-01"}],"days_to_germination":{"max":14,"min":7}},"harvest_cues":["pods_filling"],"propagation":["direct_sow"],"pests":["mexican_bean_beetle","bean_leaf_beetle","aphids","spider_mites","thrips","stink_bugs","corn_earworm"],"diseases":["anthracnose","bacterial_blight","mosaic_virus","root_rot","rust","powdery_mildew","cercospora_leaf_spot","damping_off"],"human_toxicity":["toxic_raw_seeds"],"identity_note":"Lima beans are a food crop and people eat them cooked. We have not recorded an edible part here because the source we read described ornamental striped varieties rather than stating which part of the culinary bean is eaten — so the blank is a gap in our sourcing, not a claim about the bean.","searched":["frost_damage_temp","frost_kill_temp"],"searched_why":{"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"Read the NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox entry for this species in full (https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/phaseolus-lunatus/) and it states no cold-damage or cold-kill temperature — like every toolbox entry it gives a USDA hardiness ZONE range instead, which is a claim about surviving a winter rather than a temperature — and one this record does NOT hold: since #119 both zone fields are not_applicable here, because an annual is never asked to overwinter in place. That follows eleven other extension URL families swept for this crop on the same day (Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA, Missouri Botanical) which returned no page for it or no figure on the page. Across 150-plus verified-genuine pages the whole sweep produced two usable figures, and that IS the finding: extension publishes a hardiness class or zone for ordinary garden plants and reserves per-crop temperatures for critical-temperature tables — tree fruit at bloom, berries at bloom, citrus in winter, a few chilling-sensitive tropicals. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the frost alert already runs on it. Every page here was verified to be about this plant before being read, after this sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md).","searched":"2026-08-05"},"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Read the NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox entry for this species in full (https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/phaseolus-lunatus/) and it states no cold-damage or cold-kill temperature — like every toolbox entry it gives a USDA hardiness ZONE range instead, which is a claim about surviving a winter rather than a temperature — and one this record does NOT hold: since #119 both zone fields are not_applicable here, because an annual is never asked to overwinter in place. That follows eleven other extension URL families swept for this crop on the same day (Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA, Missouri Botanical) which returned no page for it or no figure on the page. Across 150-plus verified-genuine pages the whole sweep produced two usable figures, and that IS the finding: extension publishes a hardiness class or zone for ordinary garden plants and reserves per-crop temperatures for critical-temperature tables — tree fruit at bloom, berries at bloom, citrus in winter, a few chilling-sensitive tropicals. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the frost alert already runs on it. Every page here was verified to be about this plant before being read, after this sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md).","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":9,"orgs":["Clemson Cooperative Extension, Home & Garden Information Center","LSU AgCenter (Louisiana Cooperative Extension Service)","NC State Extension","University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, Cooperative Extension","University of Delaware Cooperative Extension, Weekly Crop Update","University of Maryland Extension","Utah State University Extension"]},"varieties":[]},{"slug":"lime","name":"Lime","display":"Lime","botanical":"Citrus aurantiifolia","family":"Rutaceae","kind":"fruit_tree","category":"fruit","lifecycle":"perennial","variety_count":10,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"tender","frost_damage_temp":{"v":"30–32 °F","min":30,"max":32,"unit":"°F","stg":"dormant_top_growth","rdg":"threshold"},"frost_kill_temp":{"v":"29 °F","min":29,"max":29,"unit":"°F","stg":"dormant_top_growth","rdg":"threshold"},"fertility":"moderate","zones":{"v":"9–11","min":9,"max":11,"unit":"usda_zone"},"soil_ph":{"v":"6–7","min":6,"max":7,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["loam","sandy","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"144–240 in","min":144,"max":240,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"144–240 in","min":144,"max":240,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"At soil level","min":0,"max":0,"unit":"in"},"years_to_harvest":{"v":"1–3 yr","min":1,"max":3,"unit":"yr","as":"grafted","alt":{"own_root":{"v":"4–10 yr","min":4,"max":10}}},"chill_hours":{"v":"0–100 hrs","min":0,"max":100,"unit":"hrs"},"pollination":"self_fertile","mature_height":{"v":"6–20 ft","min":72,"max":240,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"5–20 ft","min":60,"max":240,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"5–15 gal","min":5,"max":15,"unit":"gal","rm":"pot_up"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"transplant_days_after_last_frost":{"max":60,"min":0}},"harvest_cues":["fruit_sizing","fruit_coloring"],"propagation":["grafting","budding","cutting","layering","seed"],"pests":["asian_citrus_psyllid","citrus_leafminer","aphids","citrus_rust_mite","citrus_red_mite","florida_red_scale","snow_scale","broad_mite"],"diseases":["citrus_canker","citrus_greening","lime_anthracnose","greasy_spot","root_rot"],"edible_parts":["fruit"],"human_toxicity":["low_severity","essential_oils","psoralens"],"pet_toxicity":["toxic_to_dogs","toxic_to_cats","toxic_to_horses"],"sources":{"count":7,"orgs":["ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center","Mississippi State University Extension","NC State Extension","University of Arizona Cooperative Extension","University of California Cooperative Extension (UC Marin Master Gardeners)","University of Florida IFAS Extension"]},"varieties":[{"slug":"australian-finger-lime","name":"Australian Finger Lime","variety_type":"finger","color":["green"]},{"slug":"makrut-lime","name":"Makrut Lime","variety_type":"makrut","color":["yellow"],"heirloom":true},{"slug":"rangpur-lime","name":"Rangpur Lime","variety_type":"rangpur","color":["orange"],"heirloom":true},{"slug":"sudachi-lime","name":"Sudachi","variety_type":"sudachi","color":["green"],"heirloom":true}]},{"slug":"lovage","name":"Lovage","display":"Lovage","botanical":"Levisticum officinale","family":"Apiaceae","kind":"herb","category":"herb","lifecycle":"perennial","variety_count":1,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"hardy","fertility":"moderate","zones":{"v":"4–9","min":4,"max":9,"unit":"usda_zone"},"soil_ph":{"v":"6–7","min":6,"max":7,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["loam","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"18–24 in","min":18,"max":24,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"36 in","min":36,"max":36,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"0.25 in","min":0.25,"max":0.25,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"75–90 days","min":75,"max":90,"unit":"days","basis":"transplant","by_basis":{"seed":{"v":"90–120 days","min":90,"max":120},"transplant":{"v":"75–90 days","min":75,"max":90}}},"years_to_harvest":{"v":"0 yr","min":0,"max":0,"unit":"yr"},"mature_height":{"v":"3–6 ft","min":36,"max":72,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"2–3 ft","min":24,"max":36,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"3–5 gal","min":3,"max":5,"unit":"gal","rm":"min_to_recommended"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"start_indoors_weeks_before_last_frost":{"max":8,"min":6},"transplant_days_after_last_frost":{"max":14,"min":0},"direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost":{"max":0,"min":-14},"days_to_germination":{"max":14,"min":10}},"harvest_cues":["rapid_leaf_growth"],"propagation":["division","direct_sow","transplant"],"pests":["tarnished_plant_bug","parsleyworm","leafminers"],"diseases":["leaf_spot"],"edible_parts":["leaf","stem","root","seed","flower"],"human_toxicity":["low_severity","diuretic","phthalide_lactones"],"pet_toxicity":["toxic_to_dogs","toxic_to_cats","toxic_to_horses"],"searched":["frost_damage_temp","frost_kill_temp"],"searched_why":{"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"Read the NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox entry for this species in full (https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/levisticum-officinale/) and it states no cold-damage or cold-kill temperature — like every toolbox entry it gives a USDA hardiness ZONE range instead, which we already hold as hardiness_zone_min and hardiness_zone_max. That follows eleven other extension URL families swept for this crop on the same day (Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA, Missouri Botanical) which returned no page for it or no figure on the page. Across 150-plus verified-genuine pages the whole sweep produced two usable figures, and that IS the finding: extension publishes a hardiness class or zone for ordinary garden plants and reserves per-crop temperatures for critical-temperature tables — tree fruit at bloom, berries at bloom, citrus in winter, a few chilling-sensitive tropicals. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the frost alert already runs on it. Every page here was verified to be about this plant before being read, after this sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md).","searched":"2026-08-05"},"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Read the NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox entry for this species in full (https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/levisticum-officinale/) and it states no cold-damage or cold-kill temperature — like every toolbox entry it gives a USDA hardiness ZONE range instead, which we already hold as hardiness_zone_min and hardiness_zone_max. That follows eleven other extension URL families swept for this crop on the same day (Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA, Missouri Botanical) which returned no page for it or no figure on the page. Across 150-plus verified-genuine pages the whole sweep produced two usable figures, and that IS the finding: extension publishes a hardiness class or zone for ordinary garden plants and reserves per-crop temperatures for critical-temperature tables — tree fruit at bloom, berries at bloom, citrus in winter, a few chilling-sensitive tropicals. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the frost alert already runs on it. Every page here was verified to be about this plant before being read, after this sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md).","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":7,"orgs":["Johnny's Selected Seeds","Missouri Botanical Garden","NC State Extension","Plants For A Future","University of Illinois Extension","University of Minnesota Extension"]},"varieties":[{"slug":"common-lovage","name":"Lovage","color":["green"],"heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"75–90","dtm_basis":"transplant"}]},{"slug":"luffa","name":"Luffa","display":"Luffa","botanical":"Luffa aegyptiaca","family":"Cucurbitaceae","kind":"food_crop","category":"fruiting_vegetable","lifecycle":"annual","variety_count":8,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"tender","growth_habit":["vining"],"fertility":"moderate","zones":{"v":"8–11","min":8,"max":11,"unit":"usda_zone"},"soil_ph":{"v":"6–6.5","min":6,"max":6.5,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["loam","well_drained","high_organic_matter"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"12–36 in","min":12,"max":36,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"60–72 in","min":60,"max":72,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"0.5–1 in","min":0.5,"max":1,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"30–170 days","min":30,"max":170,"unit":"days","basis":"transplant","by_basis":{"seed":{"v":"60–200 days","min":60,"max":200},"transplant":{"v":"30–170 days","min":30,"max":170}}},"mature_height":{"v":"30–50 ft","min":360,"max":600,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"1–3 ft","min":12,"max":36,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"5–10 gal","min":5,"max":10,"unit":"gal","rm":"min_to_recommended"},"needs_support":true,"timing":{"start_indoors_weeks_before_last_frost":{"max":6,"min":4},"transplant_days_after_last_frost":{"max":14,"min":7},"direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost":{"max":14,"min":7},"days_to_germination":{"max":14,"min":7}},"harvest_cues":["fruit_sizing","fruit_coloring","skin_set"],"propagation":["direct_sow","transplant"],"pests":["cucumber_beetles","squash_bugs","thrips","aphids","spider_mites","leafminers"],"diseases":["powdery_mildew","downy_mildew","leaf_spot","fruit_rot"],"edible_parts":["fruit","seed"],"searched":["frost_damage_temp","frost_kill_temp"],"searched_why":{"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"Read the NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox entry for this species in full (https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/luffa-aegyptiaca/) and it states no cold-damage or cold-kill temperature — like every toolbox entry it gives a USDA hardiness ZONE range instead, which we already hold as hardiness_zone_min and hardiness_zone_max. That follows eleven other extension URL families swept for this crop on the same day (Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA, Missouri Botanical) which returned no page for it or no figure on the page. Across 150-plus verified-genuine pages the whole sweep produced two usable figures, and that IS the finding: extension publishes a hardiness class or zone for ordinary garden plants and reserves per-crop temperatures for critical-temperature tables — tree fruit at bloom, berries at bloom, citrus in winter, a few chilling-sensitive tropicals. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the frost alert already runs on it. Every page here was verified to be about this plant before being read, after this sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md).","searched":"2026-08-05"},"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Read the NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox entry for this species in full (https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/luffa-aegyptiaca/) and it states no cold-damage or cold-kill temperature — like every toolbox entry it gives a USDA hardiness ZONE range instead, which we already hold as hardiness_zone_min and hardiness_zone_max. That follows eleven other extension URL families swept for this crop on the same day (Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA, Missouri Botanical) which returned no page for it or no figure on the page. Across 150-plus verified-genuine pages the whole sweep produced two usable figures, and that IS the finding: extension publishes a hardiness class or zone for ordinary garden plants and reserves per-crop temperatures for critical-temperature tables — tree fruit at bloom, berries at bloom, citrus in winter, a few chilling-sensitive tropicals. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the frost alert already runs on it. Every page here was verified to be about this plant before being read, after this sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md).","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":6,"orgs":["Clemson Cooperative Extension HGIC","NC State Extension","UF/IFAS Extension","UF/IFAS Gardening Solutions","University of Illinois Extension"]},"varieties":[]},{"slug":"mache","name":"Mâche (corn salad / lamb's lettuce)","display":"Mâche","botanical":"Valerianella locusta","family":"Caprifoliaceae","kind":"food_crop","category":"leafy_green","lifecycle":"annual","variety_count":4,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"very_hardy","fertility":"low","soil_ph":{"v":"6–7","min":6,"max":7,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"2–6 in","min":2,"max":6,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"12 in","min":12,"max":12,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"0.25 in","min":0.25,"max":0.25,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"40–60 days","min":40,"max":60,"unit":"days","basis":"seed","by_basis":{"seed":{"v":"40–60 days","min":40,"max":60}}},"mature_height":{"v":"2–6 in","min":2,"max":6,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"3–6 in","min":3,"max":6,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"1 gal","min":1,"max":1,"unit":"gal"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost":{"max":-21,"min":-28},"days_to_germination":{"max":14,"min":10}},"harvest_cues":["rapid_leaf_growth"],"propagation":["direct_sow","transplant"],"pests":["aphids","cabbage_looper","flea_beetles","leafminers","slugs"],"diseases":["alternaria_leaf_spot","damping_off"],"edible_parts":["leaf"],"searched":["frost_damage_temp","frost_kill_temp"],"searched_why":{"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"Read Utah State University Extension's \"How to Grow Lamb's Lettuce in Your Garden\" (mache / corn salad) in full. Its one cold figure is \"temperatures down to 32F do not seriously damage young plants\", and it was deliberately NOT recorded. A tolerance floor sitting exactly at the freezing point says only that the crop survives a light frost — which is what its hardiness class already says — and nothing about how much colder it goes, because USU never tested lower. Mache is one of the hardiest greens there is; Oregon State lists it among the crops that withstand heavy frost below 28 F and it overwinters unprotected in zone 6. Storing 32 F would fire an alert on every light-frost night for the crop least likely to care. A useful floor here has to be BELOW freezing, as broccoli's 28, cabbage's 25 and kale's 25 are.","searched":"2026-08-05"},"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Read Utah State University Extension's \"How to Grow Lamb's Lettuce in Your Garden\" (mache / corn salad) in full. Its one cold figure is \"temperatures down to 32F do not seriously damage young plants\", and it was deliberately NOT recorded. A tolerance floor sitting exactly at the freezing point says only that the crop survives a light frost — which is what its hardiness class already says — and nothing about how much colder it goes, because USU never tested lower. Mache is one of the hardiest greens there is; Oregon State lists it among the crops that withstand heavy frost below 28 F and it overwinters unprotected in zone 6. Storing 32 F would fire an alert on every light-frost night for the crop least likely to care. A useful floor here has to be BELOW freezing, as broccoli's 28, cabbage's 25 and kale's 25 are.","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":5,"orgs":["Johnny's Selected Seeds","Missouri Botanical Garden","UC Master Gardener Program of Sonoma County (UC ANR)","UC Master Gardeners of Santa Clara County (UC ANR)","Utah State University Extension"]},"varieties":[]},{"slug":"malabar-spinach","name":"Malabar spinach","display":"Malabar spinach","botanical":"Basella alba","family":"Basellaceae","kind":"food_crop","category":"leafy_green","lifecycle":"tender_perennial","variety_count":2,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"tender","fertility":"moderate","zones":{"v":"9–11","min":9,"max":11,"unit":"usda_zone"},"soil_ph":{"v":"5.5–7","min":5.5,"max":7,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["sandy_loam","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"6–12 in","min":6,"max":12,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"12–18 in","min":12,"max":18,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"0.25 in","min":0.25,"max":0.25,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"70 days","min":70,"max":70,"unit":"days","basis":"seed","by_basis":{"seed":{"v":"70 days","min":70,"max":70}},"cv":"The source gives this for optimal conditions. Malabar spinach is heat-driven, so a cool summer will run longer than 70 days."},"mature_height":{"v":"3–10 ft","min":36,"max":120,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"2–3 ft","min":24,"max":36,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"3–5 gal","min":3,"max":5,"unit":"gal","rm":"min_to_recommended"},"needs_support":true,"timing":{"start_indoors_weeks_before_last_frost":{"max":8,"min":6},"transplant_days_after_last_frost":{"max":21,"min":14},"direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost":{"max":21,"min":14},"days_to_germination":{"max":21,"min":10}},"harvest_cues":["rapid_leaf_growth"],"propagation":["direct_sow","transplant","cutting"],"pests":["snails","nematodes"],"diseases":["cercospora_leaf_spot"],"edible_parts":["leaf","stem"],"searched":["frost_damage_temp","frost_kill_temp"],"searched_why":{"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"Read the NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox entry for this species in full (https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/basella-alba/) and it states no cold-damage or cold-kill temperature — like every toolbox entry it gives a USDA hardiness ZONE range instead, which we already hold as hardiness_zone_min and hardiness_zone_max. That follows eleven other extension URL families swept for this crop on the same day (Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA, Missouri Botanical) which returned no page for it or no figure on the page. Across 150-plus verified-genuine pages the whole sweep produced two usable figures, and that IS the finding: extension publishes a hardiness class or zone for ordinary garden plants and reserves per-crop temperatures for critical-temperature tables — tree fruit at bloom, berries at bloom, citrus in winter, a few chilling-sensitive tropicals. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the frost alert already runs on it. Every page here was verified to be about this plant before being read, after this sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md).","searched":"2026-08-05"},"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Read the NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox entry for this species in full (https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/basella-alba/) and it states no cold-damage or cold-kill temperature — like every toolbox entry it gives a USDA hardiness ZONE range instead, which we already hold as hardiness_zone_min and hardiness_zone_max. That follows eleven other extension URL families swept for this crop on the same day (Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA, Missouri Botanical) which returned no page for it or no figure on the page. Across 150-plus verified-genuine pages the whole sweep produced two usable figures, and that IS the finding: extension publishes a hardiness class or zone for ordinary garden plants and reserves per-crop temperatures for critical-temperature tables — tree fruit at bloom, berries at bloom, citrus in winter, a few chilling-sensitive tropicals. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the frost alert already runs on it. Every page here was verified to be about this plant before being read, after this sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md).","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":5,"orgs":["NC State Extension","UF/IFAS Gardening Solutions","University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture Cooperative Extension","University of Florida IFAS Extension","University of Wisconsin-Madison Division of Extension"]},"varieties":[]},{"slug":"mandarin","name":"Mandarin","display":"Mandarin","botanical":"Citrus reticulata","family":"Rutaceae","kind":"fruit_tree","category":"fruit","lifecycle":"perennial","variety_count":28,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"tender","frost_damage_temp":{"v":"28 °F","min":28,"max":28,"unit":"°F","cv":"A general citrus figure, not one published for mandarin. Mandarins are the hardiest common citrus: Texas A&M puts serious damage to an un-hardened satsuma at 24 °F, and this record's own survival band is 14–18 °F. Treat 28 °F as an early, cautious warning.","stg":"dormant_top_growth","rdg":"threshold"},"frost_kill_temp":{"v":"14–18 °F","min":14,"max":18,"unit":"°F","stg":"dormant_top_growth","rdg":"tolerance_floor"},"fertility":"moderate","zones":{"v":"8–11","min":8,"max":11,"unit":"usda_zone"},"soil_ph":{"v":"5.5–6.5","min":5.5,"max":6.5,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["loam","clay","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"96–180 in","min":96,"max":180,"unit":"in","cv":"How much room it needs is set by the rootstock, not the fruit. A semi-dwarf wants about 8 feet; a standard tree wants 15. Check what yours is grafted onto before you measure the bed."},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"240 in","min":240,"max":240,"unit":"in"},"spacing_semi_dwarf":{"v":"96 in","min":96,"max":96,"unit":"in"},"spacing_standard":{"v":"180 in","min":180,"max":180,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"At soil level","min":0,"max":0,"unit":"in"},"years_to_harvest":{"v":"2–4 yr","min":2,"max":4,"unit":"yr","as":"grafted","alt":{"own_root":{"v":"7–10 yr","min":7,"max":10}}},"chill_hours":{"v":"0–100 hrs","min":0,"max":100,"unit":"hrs"},"pollination":"partially_self_fertile","mature_height":{"v":"4–12 ft","min":48,"max":144,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"4–8 ft","min":48,"max":96,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"15 gal","min":15,"max":15,"unit":"gal","cv":"15 gallons is the minimum for a young or dwarf tree. The same source pairs it with a half-barrel for a mature one, so treat this as the pot to start in rather than the pot to keep it in."},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"transplant_days_after_last_frost":{"max":42,"min":0}},"harvest_cues":["fruit_coloring"],"propagation":["grafting","budding","transplant"],"pests":["asian_citrus_psyllid","aphids","whiteflies","citrus_leafminer","mealybugs","spider_mites","citrus_red_mite","california_red_scale","snow_scale","florida_red_scale","purple_scale","florida_wax_scale","cottony_cushion_scale"],"diseases":["citrus_greening","citrus_scab"],"edible_parts":["fruit"],"sources":{"count":11,"orgs":["Clemson Cooperative Extension, Home & Garden Information Center","LSU AgCenter","Mississippi State University Extension","Texas A&M AgriLife Extension (Aggie Horticulture)","Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service (Fort Bend County)","UF/IFAS Extension","University of Arizona Cooperative Extension","University of California Cooperative Extension (UC Master Gardeners of Santa Clara County)","University of Florida IFAS Extension (EDIS)","University of Florida IFAS Extension (Gardening Solutions)"]},"varieties":[{"slug":"gold-nugget-mandarin","name":"Gold Nugget Mandarin","variety_type":"mandarin_hybrid","size":"medium"},{"slug":"kishu-mandarin","name":"Kishu Mandarin","variety_type":"mandarin","size":"small"},{"slug":"page-mandarin","name":"Page Mandarin","variety_type":"tangelo","color":["orange"],"size":"medium","heirloom":true},{"slug":"royal-mandarin","name":"Royal Mandarin","variety_type":"mandarin_hybrid","color":["orange"],"heirloom":true}]},{"slug":"marigold-african","name":"African marigold (American marigold)","display":"African marigold","botanical":"Tagetes erecta","family":"Asteraceae","kind":"ornamental","category":"flower","lifecycle":"annual","variety_count":18,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"tender","growth_habit":["upright"],"fertility":"low","soil_ph":{"v":"6–7","min":6,"max":7,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["loam","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"12–18 in","min":12,"max":18,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"12–18 in","min":12,"max":18,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"0.25 in","min":0.25,"max":0.25,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"45–60 days","min":45,"max":60,"unit":"days","basis":"transplant","by_basis":{"seed":{"v":"70–90 days","min":70,"max":90},"transplant":{"v":"45–60 days","min":45,"max":60}}},"mature_height":{"v":"1–4 ft","min":12,"max":48,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"1–2 ft","min":12,"max":24,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"1–3 gal","min":1,"max":3,"unit":"gal","rm":"min_to_recommended"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"start_indoors_weeks_before_last_frost":{"max":8,"min":6},"transplant_days_after_last_frost":{"max":14,"min":0},"direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost":{"max":14,"min":0},"days_to_germination":{"max":8,"min":4}},"harvest_cues":["first_flowers"],"propagation":["direct_sow","transplant"],"pests":["spider_mites","thrips","slugs"],"diseases":["powdery_mildew","gray_mold","leaf_spot","root_rot","fusarium_wilt","aster_yellows"],"human_toxicity":["low_severity","contact_dermatitis"],"searched":["edible_parts","frost_damage_temp","frost_kill_temp"],"searched_why":{"edible_parts":{"note":"No source we read gives one: \"ornamental — no edible_parts claim (no fetched source names an edible part).\" Tagetes petals appear in plenty of culinary writing; no extension page read for this record names one. And the page is NOT silent on the thing that matters here: human_toxicity is source_verified as low_severity, contact_dermatitis, so the page carries the handling fact it does have.","searched":"2026-08-11"},"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"Read the NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox entry for this species in full (https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/tagetes-erecta/) and it states no cold-damage or cold-kill temperature — like every toolbox entry it gives a USDA hardiness ZONE range instead, which we already hold as hardiness_zone_min and hardiness_zone_max. That follows eleven other extension URL families swept for this crop on the same day (Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA, Missouri Botanical) which returned no page for it or no figure on the page. Across 150-plus verified-genuine pages the whole sweep produced two usable figures, and that IS the finding: extension publishes a hardiness class or zone for ordinary garden plants and reserves per-crop temperatures for critical-temperature tables — tree fruit at bloom, berries at bloom, citrus in winter, a few chilling-sensitive tropicals. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the frost alert already runs on it. Every page here was verified to be about this plant before being read, after this sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md).","searched":"2026-08-05"},"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Read the NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox entry for this species in full (https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/tagetes-erecta/) and it states no cold-damage or cold-kill temperature — like every toolbox entry it gives a USDA hardiness ZONE range instead, which we already hold as hardiness_zone_min and hardiness_zone_max. That follows eleven other extension URL families swept for this crop on the same day (Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA, Missouri Botanical) which returned no page for it or no figure on the page. Across 150-plus verified-genuine pages the whole sweep produced two usable figures, and that IS the finding: extension publishes a hardiness class or zone for ordinary garden plants and reserves per-crop temperatures for critical-temperature tables — tree fruit at bloom, berries at bloom, citrus in winter, a few chilling-sensitive tropicals. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the frost alert already runs on it. Every page here was verified to be about this plant before being read, after this sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md).","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":4,"orgs":["Mississippi State University Extension","Missouri Botanical Garden","NC State Extension","University of Minnesota Extension"]},"varieties":[]},{"slug":"marjoram","name":"Sweet Marjoram","display":"Sweet Marjoram","botanical":"Origanum majorana (syn. Majorana hortensis)","family":"Lamiaceae","kind":"herb","category":"herb","lifecycle":"tender_perennial","variety_count":3,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"low","frost_sensitivity":"tender","fertility":"low","zones":{"v":"9–10","min":9,"max":10,"unit":"usda_zone","cv":"This is the winter-survival line, not a growing limit. Colder than zone 9, marjoram is simply grown as an annual and replanted each spring."},"soil_ph":{"v":"6–8","min":6,"max":8,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["sandy_loam","loam","sandy","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"12 in","min":12,"max":12,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"18 in","min":18,"max":18,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"0–0.25 in","min":0,"max":0.25,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"45–60 days","min":45,"max":60,"unit":"days","basis":"transplant","by_basis":{"seed":{"v":"70–90 days","min":70,"max":90},"transplant":{"v":"45–60 days","min":45,"max":60}}},"mature_height":{"v":"0.7–2 ft","min":8,"max":24,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"1–2 ft","min":12,"max":24,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"2–3 gal","min":2,"max":3,"unit":"gal","rm":"min_to_recommended"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"start_indoors_weeks_before_last_frost":{"max":8,"min":6},"transplant_days_after_last_frost":{"max":14,"min":0},"days_to_germination":{"max":14,"min":7}},"harvest_cues":["flower_buds"],"propagation":["seed","transplant","direct_sow","cutting","division"],"pests":["aphids","spider_mites","whiteflies"],"diseases":["root_rot","powdery_mildew"],"edible_parts":["leaf","flower"],"pet_toxicity":["toxic_to_dogs","toxic_to_cats"],"searched":["frost_damage_temp","frost_kill_temp"],"searched_why":{"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"Read the NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox entry for this species in full (https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/origanum-majorana/) and it states no cold-damage or cold-kill temperature — like every toolbox entry it gives a USDA hardiness ZONE range instead, which we already hold as hardiness_zone_min and hardiness_zone_max. That follows eleven other extension URL families swept for this crop on the same day (Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA, Missouri Botanical) which returned no page for it or no figure on the page. Across 150-plus verified-genuine pages the whole sweep produced two usable figures, and that IS the finding: extension publishes a hardiness class or zone for ordinary garden plants and reserves per-crop temperatures for critical-temperature tables — tree fruit at bloom, berries at bloom, citrus in winter, a few chilling-sensitive tropicals. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the frost alert already runs on it. Every page here was verified to be about this plant before being read, after this sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md).","searched":"2026-08-05"},"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Read the NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox entry for this species in full (https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/origanum-majorana/) and it states no cold-damage or cold-kill temperature — like every toolbox entry it gives a USDA hardiness ZONE range instead, which we already hold as hardiness_zone_min and hardiness_zone_max. That follows eleven other extension URL families swept for this crop on the same day (Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA, Missouri Botanical) which returned no page for it or no figure on the page. Across 150-plus verified-genuine pages the whole sweep produced two usable figures, and that IS the finding: extension publishes a hardiness class or zone for ordinary garden plants and reserves per-crop temperatures for critical-temperature tables — tree fruit at bloom, berries at bloom, citrus in winter, a few chilling-sensitive tropicals. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the frost alert already runs on it. Every page here was verified to be about this plant before being read, after this sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md).","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":9,"orgs":["ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center","Missouri Botanical Garden","NC State Extension","UC Master Gardener Program of Sonoma County (UC ANR)","University of Florida IFAS Extension (Pasco County)","University of Illinois Extension","University of Maryland Extension"]},"varieties":[{"slug":"sweet-marjoram-marjoram","name":"Sweet Marjoram","variety_type":"sweet","color":["green"],"heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"80–95","dtm_basis":"seed"}]},{"slug":"melon","name":"Melon (muskmelon/cantaloupe)","display":"Melon","botanical":"Cucumis melo","family":"Cucurbitaceae","kind":"food_crop","category":"fruiting_vegetable","lifecycle":"annual","variety_count":49,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"tender","frost_damage_temp":{"v":"33 °F","min":33,"max":33,"unit":"°F","stg":"chilling","rdg":"threshold"},"fertility":"moderate","soil_ph":{"v":"6–6.5","min":6,"max":6.5,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["sandy_loam","sandy","loam","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"18–24 in","min":18,"max":24,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"60–72 in","min":60,"max":72,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"0.5–2 in","min":0.5,"max":2,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"70–85 days","min":70,"max":85,"unit":"days","basis":"transplant","by_basis":{"seed":{"v":"85–100 days","min":85,"max":100},"transplant":{"v":"70–85 days","min":70,"max":85}}},"mature_height":{"v":"6–9 ft","min":72,"max":108,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"1–3 ft","min":12,"max":36,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"5–10 gal","min":5,"max":10,"unit":"gal","rm":"min_to_recommended"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"start_indoors_weeks_before_last_frost":{"max":6,"min":2},"transplant_days_after_last_frost":{"max":14,"min":7},"direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost":{"max":14,"min":0},"days_to_germination":{"max":10,"min":4}},"harvest_cues":["fruit_coloring"],"propagation":["direct_sow","transplant"],"pests":["striped_cucumber_beetle","spotted_cucumber_beetle","squash_bugs","squash_vine_borer","spider_mites","aphids"],"diseases":["powdery_mildew","downy_mildew","gummy_stem_blight","anthracnose","alternaria_leaf_blight","fusarium_wilt","bacterial_wilt","cucurbit_virus","angular_leaf_spot"],"edible_parts":["fruit"],"pet_toxicity":["non_toxic_to_dogs","non_toxic_to_cats","non_toxic_to_horses"],"searched":["frost_kill_temp"],"searched_why":{"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Utah State University Extension states this crop's frost_damage_temp (33 F, chilling) and states NO separate temperature at which the plant is lost, and no other publication read in the 2026-08-05 sweep across twelve extension URL families supplies one. That is the normal shape outside the critical-temperature tables: those tables print a 10% and a 90% column together, which is where every paired record we hold comes from, and an ordinary crop page names one threshold or the other. LEAVING THIS EMPTY IS THE CORRECT OUTCOME, not a gap to fill later by inference. The two fields are read as a pair, so a guessed kill figure would manufacture a safety margin nobody measured — and the engine would print that margin to a gardener as if it were a fact. Where the crop is lost outright below the damage point, its frost_sensitivity class already says so and the alert already fires from it.","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":11,"orgs":["ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center","Clemson Cooperative Extension HGIC","Iowa State University Extension","Michigan State University Extension","NC State Extension","The Ohio State University Extension","University of Maryland Extension","University of Minnesota Extension","Utah State University Extension"]},"varieties":[{"slug":"ambrosia-melon","name":"Ambrosia Melon","variety_type":"cantaloupe","color":["orange"],"size":"medium","hybrid":true,"days_to_maturity":"86","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"athena-melon","name":"Athena Melon","variety_type":"cantaloupe","color":["orange"],"size":"large","hybrid":true,"days_to_maturity":"79","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"banana-melon","name":"Banana Melon","variety_type":"muskmelon","color":["orange"],"size":"large","heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"90","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"charentais-melon","name":"Charentais Melon","variety_type":"charentais","color":["orange"],"size":"medium","heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"80–90","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"crane-melon","name":"Crane Melon","variety_type":"specialty","color":["orange"],"size":"large","heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"85","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"galia-melon","name":"Galia Melon","variety_type":"galia","color":["green"],"size":"small","hybrid":true,"days_to_maturity":"70","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"honey-rock-melon","name":"Honey Rock Melon","variety_type":"muskmelon","color":["orange"],"size":"medium","heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"80","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"kajari-melon","name":"Kajari Melon","variety_type":"specialty","color":["green"],"size":"small","heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"80","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"minnesota-midget-melon","name":"Minnesota Midget Melon","variety_type":"cantaloupe","color":["orange"],"size":"small","heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"75","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"piel-de-sapo-melon","name":"Piel de Sapo Melon","variety_type":"specialty","color":["green","white"],"size":"very_large","heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"95","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"sugar-cube-melon","name":"Sugar Cube Melon","variety_type":"cantaloupe","color":["orange"],"size":"small","hybrid":true,"days_to_maturity":"80","dtm_basis":"transplant"}]},{"slug":"mint","name":"Mint","display":"Mint","botanical":"Mentha spp. (spearmint / peppermint)","family":"Lamiaceae","kind":"herb","category":"herb","lifecycle":"perennial","variety_count":21,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"very_hardy","fertility":"moderate","zones":{"v":"4–9","min":4,"max":9,"unit":"usda_zone"},"soil_ph":{"v":"6–8","min":6,"max":8,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["loam","sandy_loam","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"18 in","min":18,"max":18,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"24 in","min":24,"max":24,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"1–2 in","min":1,"max":2,"unit":"in"},"years_to_harvest":{"v":"0 yr","min":0,"max":0,"unit":"yr"},"mature_height":{"v":"1–3 ft","min":12,"max":36,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"1–2 ft","min":12,"max":24,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"2–3 gal","min":2,"max":3,"unit":"gal","rm":"min_to_recommended"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{},"harvest_cues":["rapid_leaf_growth"],"propagation":["division","cutting","runners","seed"],"pests":["aphids","flea_beetles","cutworms"],"diseases":["anthracnose","rust","verticillium_wilt","leaf_spot"],"edible_parts":["leaf"],"pet_toxicity":["toxic_to_dogs","toxic_to_cats","toxic_to_horses"],"searched":["frost_damage_temp","frost_kill_temp"],"searched_why":{"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"Utah State University Extension's mint page gives one cold figure — mint is \"hardy to -20 F\" — and it was deliberately NOT recorded in this field. That is a winter-hardiness rating for a dormant herbaceous perennial, which the field contract routes to hardiness_zone_min, and a sub-zero value is dead weight here anyway: the alert engine compares this field to a forecast low, so -20 F could never fire, and one of our own checks blocks any value below zero for exactly that reason. What is missing, and what no source read gives, is the temperature at which mint's ACTIVE top growth takes damage in spring or autumn — the number a frost alert could act on. Page confirmed genuine by title and mention count.","searched":"2026-08-05"},"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Utah State University Extension's mint page gives one cold figure — mint is \"hardy to -20 F\" — and it was deliberately NOT recorded in this field. That is a winter-hardiness rating for a dormant herbaceous perennial, which the field contract routes to hardiness_zone_min, and a sub-zero value is dead weight here anyway: the alert engine compares this field to a forecast low, so -20 F could never fire, and one of our own checks blocks any value below zero for exactly that reason. What is missing, and what no source read gives, is the temperature at which mint's ACTIVE top growth takes damage in spring or autumn — the number a frost alert could act on. Page confirmed genuine by title and mention count.","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":9,"orgs":["ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center","NC State Extension","University of Illinois Extension","University of Maryland Extension","University of Minnesota Extension","Utah State University Extension"]},"varieties":[{"slug":"apple-mint","name":"Apple Mint","variety_type":"specialty-scented"},{"slug":"chocolate-mint","name":"Chocolate Mint","variety_type":"specialty-scented","color":["bicolor"]},{"slug":"corsican-mint","name":"Corsican Mint","variety_type":"specialty-scented"},{"slug":"ginger-mint","name":"Ginger Mint","variety_type":"specialty-scented","color":["yellow"]},{"slug":"mojito-mint","name":"Mojito Mint","variety_type":"specialty-scented"},{"slug":"moroccan-mint","name":"Moroccan Mint","variety_type":"specialty-scented","color":["purple"]},{"slug":"orange-mint","name":"Orange Mint","variety_type":"specialty-scented"},{"slug":"peppermint","name":"Peppermint","variety_type":"peppermint"},{"slug":"pineapple-mint","name":"Pineapple Mint","variety_type":"specialty-scented","color":["bicolor"]},{"slug":"spearmint","name":"Spearmint","variety_type":"spearmint"},{"slug":"water-mint","name":"Water Mint","variety_type":"specialty-scented"}]},{"slug":"mizuna","name":"Mizuna","display":"Mizuna","botanical":"Brassica rapa (Japonica group)","family":"Brassicaceae","kind":"food_crop","category":"leafy_green","lifecycle":"annual","variety_count":4,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"half_hardy","fertility":"moderate","soil_ph":{"v":"6–7","min":6,"max":7,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"4–18 in","min":4,"max":18,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"2–18 in","min":2,"max":18,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"0.25 in","min":0.25,"max":0.25,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"18–40 days","min":18,"max":40,"unit":"days","basis":"seed","by_basis":{"seed":{"v":"18–40 days","min":18,"max":40}}},"mature_height":{"v":"12–18 in","min":12,"max":18,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"12–18 in","min":12,"max":18,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"1 gal","min":1,"max":1,"unit":"gal"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost":{"max":0,"min":-21},"days_to_germination":{"max":10,"min":4}},"harvest_cues":["rapid_leaf_growth"],"propagation":["direct_sow"],"pests":["flea_beetles","aphids"],"diseases":["downy_mildew","white_rust","damping_off"],"edible_parts":["leaf","stem"],"searched":["frost_damage_temp","frost_kill_temp"],"searched_why":{"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"Read https://extension.psu.edu/mizuna-an-asian-green in full — the page was found by name search after eleven URL-pattern families failed to reach this crop — and it states no cold-damage or cold-kill temperature. It describes cold behavior qualitatively (\"tolerates light frost\", a USDA zone range) which is the hardiness CLASS we already hold as frost_sensitivity and which the frost alert already runs on. Across 150-plus verified-genuine extension pages this sweep produced two usable figures, and that is the finding: per-crop frost temperatures exist where somebody built a critical-temperature table — tree fruit at bloom, berries at bloom, citrus in winter, a few chilling-sensitive tropicals — and nowhere else. Page verified to be about this plant before reading (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md).","searched":"2026-08-05"},"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Read https://extension.psu.edu/mizuna-an-asian-green in full — the page was found by name search after eleven URL-pattern families failed to reach this crop — and it states no cold-damage or cold-kill temperature. It describes cold behavior qualitatively (\"tolerates light frost\", a USDA zone range) which is the hardiness CLASS we already hold as frost_sensitivity and which the frost alert already runs on. Across 150-plus verified-genuine extension pages this sweep produced two usable figures, and that is the finding: per-crop frost temperatures exist where somebody built a critical-temperature table — tree fruit at bloom, berries at bloom, citrus in winter, a few chilling-sensitive tropicals — and nowhere else. Page verified to be about this plant before reading (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md).","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":4,"orgs":["Johnny's Selected Seeds","Missouri Botanical Garden","Penn State Extension","University of Maryland Extension"]},"varieties":[{"slug":"mizuna-mizuna","name":"Mizuna","variety_type":"green_mizuna","color":["green"],"heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"40","dtm_basis":"seed"}]},{"slug":"mulberry","name":"Mulberry","display":"Mulberry","botanical":"Morus spp.","family":"Moraceae","kind":"fruit_tree","category":"fruit","lifecycle":"perennial","variety_count":18,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"low","frost_sensitivity":"hardy","fertility":"low","zones":{"v":"4–9","min":4,"max":9,"unit":"usda_zone"},"soil_ph":{"v":"5.5–7.5","min":5.5,"max":7.5,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["loam","sandy","clay","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"96–360 in","min":96,"max":360,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"120–420 in","min":120,"max":420,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"At soil level","min":0,"max":0,"unit":"in"},"pollination":"needs_pollinizer","mature_height":{"v":"25–60 ft","min":300,"max":720,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"30–50 ft","min":360,"max":600,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"15–25 gal","min":15,"max":25,"unit":"gal","rm":"pot_up"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"transplant_days_after_last_frost":{"max":14,"min":-28}},"harvest_cues":["fruit_coloring"],"propagation":["transplant","cutting","layering","seed"],"pests":["borers","whiteflies","scale","mites","mealybugs"],"diseases":["bacterial_blight","coral_spot_canker","bacterial_leaf_scorch","powdery_mildew","root_rot","witches_broom"],"edible_parts":["fruit"],"human_toxicity":["low_severity","toxic_unripe_fruit","toxic_sap","gi_upset","hallucinations","contact_dermatitis"],"pet_toxicity":["non_toxic_to_dogs","non_toxic_to_cats","non_toxic_to_horses"],"searched":["chill_hours","frost_damage_temp","frost_kill_temp"],"searched_why":{"chill_hours":{"note":"Checked 2026-08-04 against all three multi-crop chilling tables (Mississippi State P3067, Alabama ANR-0053, Maryland's home-fruit guide) and this crop's own cited NCSU and UF/IFAS pages. All silent on Morus. The 100-400 previously held here was general_knowledge citing nothing and has been removed rather than left looking sourced.","searched":"2026-08-04"},"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"Read https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/morus-rubra/ in full — the page was found by name search after eleven URL-pattern families failed to reach this crop — and it states no cold-damage or cold-kill temperature. It describes cold behavior qualitatively (\"tolerates light frost\", a USDA zone range) which is the hardiness CLASS we already hold as frost_sensitivity and which the frost alert already runs on. Across 150-plus verified-genuine extension pages this sweep produced two usable figures, and that is the finding: per-crop frost temperatures exist where somebody built a critical-temperature table — tree fruit at bloom, berries at bloom, citrus in winter, a few chilling-sensitive tropicals — and nowhere else. Page verified to be about this plant before reading (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md).","searched":"2026-08-05"},"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Read https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/morus-rubra/ in full — the page was found by name search after eleven URL-pattern families failed to reach this crop — and it states no cold-damage or cold-kill temperature. It describes cold behavior qualitatively (\"tolerates light frost\", a USDA zone range) which is the hardiness CLASS we already hold as frost_sensitivity and which the frost alert already runs on. Across 150-plus verified-genuine extension pages this sweep produced two usable figures, and that is the finding: per-crop frost temperatures exist where somebody built a critical-temperature table — tree fruit at bloom, berries at bloom, citrus in winter, a few chilling-sensitive tropicals — and nowhere else. Page verified to be about this plant before reading (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md).","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":4,"orgs":["NC State Extension","NC State Extension (Plant Toolbox)","University of Florida IFAS Extension"]},"varieties":[{"slug":"dwarf-everbearing-mulberry","name":"Dwarf Everbearing Mulberry"},{"slug":"illinois-everbearing-mulberry","name":"Illinois Everbearing Mulberry","variety_type":"hybrid","color":["black"],"size":"large","heirloom":true},{"slug":"pakistan-mulberry","name":"Pakistan Mulberry","color":["red"],"size":"very_large","heirloom":true},{"slug":"weeping-mulberry","name":"Weeping Mulberry","variety_type":"ornamental","color":["bicolor"],"size":"small","heirloom":true},{"slug":"white-mulberry","name":"White Mulberry","variety_type":"white","color":["white"],"size":"medium"}]},{"slug":"mustard","name":"Mustard (mustard greens)","display":"Mustard","botanical":"Brassica juncea","family":"Brassicaceae","kind":"food_crop","category":"leafy_green","lifecycle":"annual","variety_count":20,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"half_hardy","fertility":"moderate","soil_ph":{"v":"6–6.5","min":6,"max":6.5,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"3–18 in","min":3,"max":18,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"12–36 in","min":12,"max":36,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"0.25–0.5 in","min":0.25,"max":0.5,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"25–50 days","min":25,"max":50,"unit":"days","basis":"seed","by_basis":{"seed":{"v":"25–50 days","min":25,"max":50}}},"mature_height":{"v":"12–18 in","min":12,"max":18,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"12–18 in","min":12,"max":18,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"1–3 gal","min":1,"max":3,"unit":"gal","rm":"min_to_recommended"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"start_indoors_weeks_before_last_frost":{"max":6,"min":5},"transplant_days_after_last_frost":0,"direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost":{"max":-14,"min":-21},"fall_sow_calendar":[{"curation_status":"source_verified","from":"08-01","not_recommended":false,"place":"South Carolina — Piedmont","to":"09-15"},{"curation_status":"source_verified","from":"08-01","not_recommended":false,"place":"South Carolina — Coastal Plain","to":"10-15"}],"days_to_germination":{"max":10,"min":7}},"harvest_cues":["rapid_leaf_growth"],"propagation":["direct_sow","transplant"],"pests":["aphids","flea_beetles","cabbage_looper","imported_cabbageworm","slugs","harlequin_bug","whiteflies"],"diseases":["alternaria_leaf_spot","cercospora_leaf_spot","bacterial_blight","black_rot"],"edible_parts":["leaf","flower","seed"],"pet_toxicity":["toxic_to_horses"],"searched":["frost_damage_temp","frost_kill_temp"],"searched_why":{"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"Utah State University Extension's https://extension.usu.edu/yardandgarden/research/mustard-in-the-garden page does give a number — \"temperatures down to 32F do not seriously damage plants\" — and it was deliberately NOT recorded. 32 F is the freezing point, and a tolerance floor sitting exactly there says only that the crop is fine at a light frost, which is what its hardiness class already says. It carries no information about how much colder the plant takes, because USU never tested lower. Storing it would make the app fire a frost alert AT a temperature its own source calls safe, on the cool-season crops most likely to be standing in an autumn garden — every light-frost night, for a plant in no trouble. Parsnip proves the point: this page floors it at 32 F while Oregon State reports parsnips tolerant to 0 F. A useful floor here has to be BELOW freezing, as broccoli's 28, cabbage's 25 and kale's 25 are. Also read Michigan State's, Oregon State's and Iowa State's multi-crop guides; all three publish hardiness categories rather than per-crop temperatures.","searched":"2026-08-05"},"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Utah State University Extension's https://extension.usu.edu/yardandgarden/research/mustard-in-the-garden page does give a number — \"temperatures down to 32F do not seriously damage plants\" — and it was deliberately NOT recorded. 32 F is the freezing point, and a tolerance floor sitting exactly there says only that the crop is fine at a light frost, which is what its hardiness class already says. It carries no information about how much colder the plant takes, because USU never tested lower. Storing it would make the app fire a frost alert AT a temperature its own source calls safe, on the cool-season crops most likely to be standing in an autumn garden — every light-frost night, for a plant in no trouble. Parsnip proves the point: this page floors it at 32 F while Oregon State reports parsnips tolerant to 0 F. A useful floor here has to be BELOW freezing, as broccoli's 28, cabbage's 25 and kale's 25 are. Also read Michigan State's, Oregon State's and Iowa State's multi-crop guides; all three publish hardiness categories rather than per-crop temperatures.","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":7,"orgs":["ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center","Clemson Cooperative Extension, Home & Garden Information Center","NC State Extension","University of Maryland Extension","Utah State University Extension"]},"varieties":[]},{"slug":"nasturtium","name":"Nasturtium","display":"Nasturtium","botanical":"Tropaeolum majus","family":"Tropaeolaceae","kind":"ornamental","category":"flower","lifecycle":"annual","variety_count":21,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"tender","growth_habit":["bush","vining"],"fertility":"low","soil_ph":{"v":"6–6.8","min":6,"max":6.8,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["sandy","loam","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"8–12 in","min":8,"max":12,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"8–12 in","min":8,"max":12,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"0.5–1 in","min":0.5,"max":1,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"20–40 days","min":20,"max":40,"unit":"days","basis":"transplant","by_basis":{"seed":{"v":"35–65 days","min":35,"max":65},"transplant":{"v":"20–40 days","min":20,"max":40}}},"mature_height":{"v":"1–10 ft","min":12,"max":120,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"1–3 ft","min":12,"max":36,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"1–3 gal","min":1,"max":3,"unit":"gal","rm":"min_to_recommended"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"start_indoors_weeks_before_last_frost":{"max":6,"min":4},"transplant_days_after_last_frost":{"max":14,"min":0},"direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost":{"max":14,"min":-7},"days_to_germination":{"max":14,"min":7}},"harvest_cues":["first_flowers"],"propagation":["direct_sow","transplant","cutting"],"pests":["aphids","mealybugs","whiteflies","leafhoppers","spider_mites","imported_cabbageworm","leafminers"],"diseases":["bacterial_wilt","aster_yellows","clubroot","fasciation","viruses"],"edible_parts":["leaf","flower","seed_pod","seed"],"pet_toxicity":["non_toxic_to_dogs","non_toxic_to_cats","non_toxic_to_horses"],"searched":["frost_damage_temp","frost_kill_temp"],"searched_why":{"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"Read the NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox entry for this species in full (https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/tropaeolum-majus/) and it states no cold-damage or cold-kill temperature — like every toolbox entry it gives a USDA hardiness ZONE range instead, which we already hold as hardiness_zone_min and hardiness_zone_max. That follows eleven other extension URL families swept for this crop on the same day (Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA, Missouri Botanical) which returned no page for it or no figure on the page. Across 150-plus verified-genuine pages the whole sweep produced two usable figures, and that IS the finding: extension publishes a hardiness class or zone for ordinary garden plants and reserves per-crop temperatures for critical-temperature tables — tree fruit at bloom, berries at bloom, citrus in winter, a few chilling-sensitive tropicals. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the frost alert already runs on it. Every page here was verified to be about this plant before being read, after this sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md).","searched":"2026-08-05"},"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Read the NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox entry for this species in full (https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/tropaeolum-majus/) and it states no cold-damage or cold-kill temperature — like every toolbox entry it gives a USDA hardiness ZONE range instead, which we already hold as hardiness_zone_min and hardiness_zone_max. That follows eleven other extension URL families swept for this crop on the same day (Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA, Missouri Botanical) which returned no page for it or no figure on the page. Across 150-plus verified-genuine pages the whole sweep produced two usable figures, and that IS the finding: extension publishes a hardiness class or zone for ordinary garden plants and reserves per-crop temperatures for critical-temperature tables — tree fruit at bloom, berries at bloom, citrus in winter, a few chilling-sensitive tropicals. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the frost alert already runs on it. Every page here was verified to be about this plant before being read, after this sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md).","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":10,"orgs":["ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center","Iowa State University Extension and Outreach","Johnny's Selected Seeds","Missouri Botanical Garden","NC State Extension","University of California Marin Master Gardeners (UC ANR)","University of California Statewide IPM Program (UC ANR)","University of Minnesota Extension","University of Wisconsin-Madison Division of Extension","Washington State University Extension (Skagit County Master Gardeners)"]},"varieties":[{"slug":"black-velvet-nasturtium","name":"Black Velvet Nasturtium","variety_type":"dwarf_bush","color":["black"],"days_to_maturity":"20–40","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"empress-of-india-nasturtium","name":"Empress of India Nasturtium","variety_type":"dwarf_bush","color":["red"],"heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"20–40","dtm_basis":"transplant"}]},{"slug":"new-zealand-spinach","name":"New Zealand spinach","display":"New Zealand spinach","botanical":"Tetragonia tetragonioides","family":"Aizoaceae","kind":"food_crop","category":"leafy_green","lifecycle":"annual","variety_count":0,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"tender","fertility":"moderate","soil_ph":{"v":"6.8–7","min":6.8,"max":7,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["sandy","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"12 in","min":12,"max":12,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"24–36 in","min":24,"max":36,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"0.5–1 in","min":0.5,"max":1,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"50–70 days","min":50,"max":70,"unit":"days","basis":"seed","by_basis":{"seed":{"v":"50–70 days","min":50,"max":70}}},"mature_height":{"v":"1–2 ft","min":12,"max":24,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"2–4 ft","min":24,"max":48,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"5–7 gal","min":5,"max":7,"unit":"gal","rm":"min_to_recommended"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"start_indoors_weeks_before_last_frost":{"max":4,"min":3},"transplant_days_after_last_frost":{"max":14,"min":0},"direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost":{"max":14,"min":0},"days_to_germination":{"max":21,"min":14}},"harvest_cues":["rapid_leaf_growth"],"propagation":["direct_sow","transplant"],"pests":["chewing_beetles"],"diseases":["damping_off"],"edible_parts":["leaf","stem"],"searched":["frost_damage_temp","frost_kill_temp"],"searched_why":{"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"Swept ten extension URL families for this crop on 2026-08-05 — Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA and Missouri Botanical Garden — and read in full every page that genuinely covers it. None states a temperature at which the plant takes cold damage or dies. Every page was verified to be about this crop before being read, after the same sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" page with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md). Across 100-plus pages the sweep produced two usable figures, which is the finding: extension publishes a hardiness CLASS for ordinary garden crops, not a per-crop temperature. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the alert engine already uses it.","searched":"2026-08-05"},"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Swept ten extension URL families for this crop on 2026-08-05 — Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA and Missouri Botanical Garden — and read in full every page that genuinely covers it. None states a temperature at which the plant takes cold damage or dies. Every page was verified to be about this crop before being read, after the same sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" page with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md). Across 100-plus pages the sweep produced two usable figures, which is the finding: extension publishes a hardiness CLASS for ordinary garden crops, not a per-crop temperature. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the alert engine already uses it.","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":3,"orgs":["University of Illinois Extension (HortAnswers)","University of Wisconsin-Madison Division of Extension","Utah State University Extension"]},"varieties":[]},{"slug":"oats","name":"Oats","display":"Oat","botanical":"Avena sativa","family":"Poaceae","kind":"food_crop","category":"cover_crop","lifecycle":"annual","variety_count":5,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"half_hardy","frost_damage_temp":{"v":"28 °F","min":28,"max":28,"unit":"°F","stg":"standing_crop","rdg":"tolerance_floor"},"frost_kill_temp":{"v":"22 °F","min":22,"max":22,"unit":"°F","stg":"standing_crop","rdg":"threshold"},"fertility":"moderate","soil_ph":{"v":"5.5–7","min":5.5,"max":7,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["well_drained","loam","clay","sandy"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"1–2 in","min":1,"max":2,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"6–8 in","min":6,"max":8,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"0.5–2 in","min":0.5,"max":2,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"90–120 days","min":90,"max":120,"unit":"days","basis":"seed","by_basis":{"seed":{"v":"90–120 days","min":90,"max":120}}},"mature_height":{"v":"2–4 ft","min":24,"max":48,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"6–12 in","min":6,"max":12,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"1–3 gal","min":1,"max":3,"unit":"gal","rm":"min_to_recommended"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost":{"max":-14,"min":-42},"days_to_germination":{"max":10,"min":8}},"harvest_cues":["lower_leaf_yellowing"],"propagation":["direct_sow"],"pests":["cereal_leaf_beetle","armyworms","aphids"],"diseases":["crown_rust","stem_rust","powdery_mildew","smut","barley_yellow_dwarf","septoria_leaf_blotch"],"edible_parts":["seed"],"sources":{"count":8,"orgs":["Cornell University (Bjorkman Lab) — covercrop.org","Cornell University CALS","NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox","SARE (Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education) — Managing Cover Crops Profitably","South Dakota State University Extension","Texas Plant Disease Handbook (Texas A&M AgriLife Extension)","University of Minnesota Extension"]},"varieties":[]},{"slug":"okra","name":"Okra","display":"Okra","botanical":"Abelmoschus esculentus","family":"Malvaceae","kind":"food_crop","category":"fruiting_vegetable","lifecycle":"annual","variety_count":20,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"tender","fertility":"heavy","soil_ph":{"v":"6–7","min":6,"max":7,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["sandy_loam","loam","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"12–18 in","min":12,"max":18,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"36–48 in","min":36,"max":48,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"0.75–1 in","min":0.75,"max":1,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"50–60 days","min":50,"max":60,"unit":"days","basis":"transplant","by_basis":{"seed":{"v":"48–90 days","min":48,"max":90},"transplant":{"v":"50–60 days","min":50,"max":60}}},"weeks_indoors_before_planting_out":{"v":"4–5 wk","min":4,"max":5,"unit":"wk"},"mature_height":{"v":"3–8 ft","min":36,"max":96,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"2–5 ft","min":24,"max":60,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"5–10 gal","min":5,"max":10,"unit":"gal","rm":"min_to_recommended"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"start_indoors_weeks_before_last_frost":{"max":6,"min":5},"start_indoors_weeks_before_transplant":{"max":5,"min":4},"direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost":{"max":21,"min":14},"days_to_germination":{"max":14,"min":7}},"harvest_cues":["pods_tender_snap_stage"],"propagation":["direct_sow","transplant"],"pests":["aphids","corn_earworm","stink_bugs","leaffooted_bugs","root_knot_nematodes","whiteflies","spider_mites","japanese_beetle","fire_ants"],"diseases":["damping_off","root_rot","powdery_mildew","southern_blight","fusarium_wilt","verticillium_wilt","pod_rot"],"edible_parts":["fruit","leaf","seed"],"searched":["frost_damage_temp","frost_kill_temp","transplant_days_after_last_frost"],"searched_why":{"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"Read Utah State University Extension's own page for this crop in full (https://extension.usu.edu/yardandgarden/research/okra-in-the-garden) — the page series that supplied the broccoli, cabbage, celery, radicchio and kale figures we do hold — and it publishes NO cold-tolerance temperature for this crop. Its only Fahrenheit figures are sowing soil minimums, germination optima, heat ceilings and post-harvest storage. Also read three multi-crop references: Michigan State's fall-vegetable freeze-damage guide, Oregon State's cold-hardy vegetable list and Iowa State's cold-and-freeze-damage page. All three sort crops into hardiness CATEGORIES (hard-frost-hardy under 28 F, light-frost-hardy 28-32 F, light-frost-susceptible) and none states a per-crop temperature. We already hold that category as frost_sensitivity, so copying a band edge in here would restate the class as if it were a measurement. The extensions also disagree about which band some crops belong in, which is the clearest sign the band is a judgment rather than a figure.","searched":"2026-08-05"},"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Read Utah State University Extension's own page for this crop in full (https://extension.usu.edu/yardandgarden/research/okra-in-the-garden) — the page series that supplied the broccoli, cabbage, celery, radicchio and kale figures we do hold — and it publishes NO cold-tolerance temperature for this crop. Its only Fahrenheit figures are sowing soil minimums, germination optima, heat ceilings and post-harvest storage. Also read three multi-crop references: Michigan State's fall-vegetable freeze-damage guide, Oregon State's cold-hardy vegetable list and Iowa State's cold-and-freeze-damage page. All three sort crops into hardiness CATEGORIES (hard-frost-hardy under 28 F, light-frost-hardy 28-32 F, light-frost-susceptible) and none states a per-crop temperature. We already hold that category as frost_sensitivity, so copying a band edge in here would restate the class as if it were a measurement. The extensions also disagree about which band some crops belong in, which is the clearest sign the band is a judgment rather than a figure.","searched":"2026-08-05"},"transplant_days_after_last_frost":{"note":"No source we read gives one: \"sources give a soil-temp/after-frost window but no transplant-specific day count.\" Worth noting the record is not simply thin here: the same batch filled days_to_maturity_from_transplant from Maryland at 50-60. The blank is specific to the frost offset, not to okra.","searched":"2026-08-11"}},"sources":{"count":5,"orgs":["Clemson Cooperative Extension HGIC","NC State Extension","University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture Cooperative Extension Service","University of Maryland Extension","Utah State University Extension"]},"varieties":[{"slug":"clemson-spineless-okra","name":"Clemson Spineless Okra","variety_type":"spineless","color":["green"],"heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"60","dtm_basis":"seed"}]},{"slug":"onion","name":"Onion","display":"Onion","botanical":"Allium cepa","family":"Amaryllidaceae","kind":"food_crop","category":"bulb_vegetable","lifecycle":"biennial","variety_count":49,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"very_hardy","fertility":"heavy","zones":{"v":"5–10","min":5,"max":10,"unit":"usda_zone"},"soil_ph":{"v":"6–7","min":6,"max":7,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["loam","sandy","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"3–4 in","min":3,"max":4,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"12–18 in","min":12,"max":18,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"1–1.5 in","min":1,"max":1.5,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"85–120 days","min":85,"max":120,"unit":"days","basis":"seed","by_basis":{"seed":{"v":"85–120 days","min":85,"max":120}}},"weeks_indoors_before_planting_out":{"v":"8 wk","min":8,"max":8,"unit":"wk"},"mature_height":{"v":"12–18 in","min":12,"max":18,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"6–12 in","min":6,"max":12,"unit":"in"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"start_indoors_weeks_before_last_frost":8,"start_indoors_weeks_before_transplant":8,"days_to_germination":{"max":21,"min":14}},"harvest_cues":["tops_falling_over","skin_set"],"propagation":["direct_sow","transplant","sets"],"pests":["onion_maggot","thrips","bulb_mites","allium_leafminer"],"diseases":["neck_rot","fusarium_basal_rot","pink_root","bacterial_soft_rot","white_rot"],"edible_parts":["bulb","leaf"],"human_toxicity":["hemolytic_anemia"],"pet_toxicity":["toxic_to_dogs","toxic_to_cats","toxic_to_horses"],"searched":["container_min_volume","direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost","frost_damage_temp","frost_kill_temp","transplant_days_after_last_frost"],"searched_why":{"container_min_volume":{"note":"Both University of Maryland container pages read directly and hand-verified against the live text: neither names onion anywhere, confirming the earlier finding. Alabama Cooperative Extension's \"Grow More Onions\" (ANR-2876-M) gives a real, dedicated per-crop line — \"Space 2 to 4 inches apart within rows or 3 to 4 plants per 2- to 3-gallon container\" — a genuine extension citation, unlike the commercial and blog sources previously and correctly declined. But it states a SHARED container holding several plants, and this field is defined per single plant; dividing 2-3 gallons by 3-4 plants would invent a figure the source never states. A real citation now exists for the next pass; it does not resolve to a per-plant floor.","searched":"2026-08-07"},"direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost":{"note":"#399 — reclassified 2026-08-24, not re-searched. batch-004 recorded this under \"Deferred (no citation / calendar-only / not applicable): plant timing fields transplant_days_after_last_frost + direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost (sources give calendar dates or 'as soon as soil workable', not frost-relative days)\". A later batch backfill rewrote that as a structural not_applicable, which says the question is meaningless on an onion. It is not — onions are direct-sown; the sources simply do not express the timing frost-relative, which is the state this slot is for.","searched":"2026-07-13"},"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"Read Utah State University Extension's own page for this crop in full (https://extension.usu.edu/yardandgarden/research/onions-in-the-garden) — the page series that supplied the broccoli, cabbage, celery, radicchio and kale figures we do hold — and it publishes NO cold-tolerance temperature for this crop. Its only Fahrenheit figures are sowing soil minimums, germination optima, heat ceilings and post-harvest storage. Also read three multi-crop references: Michigan State's fall-vegetable freeze-damage guide, Oregon State's cold-hardy vegetable list and Iowa State's cold-and-freeze-damage page. All three sort crops into hardiness CATEGORIES (hard-frost-hardy under 28 F, light-frost-hardy 28-32 F, light-frost-susceptible) and none states a per-crop temperature. We already hold that category as frost_sensitivity, so copying a band edge in here would restate the class as if it were a measurement. The extensions also disagree about which band some crops belong in, which is the clearest sign the band is a judgment rather than a figure.","searched":"2026-08-05"},"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Read Utah State University Extension's own page for this crop in full (https://extension.usu.edu/yardandgarden/research/onions-in-the-garden) — the page series that supplied the broccoli, cabbage, celery, radicchio and kale figures we do hold — and it publishes NO cold-tolerance temperature for this crop. Its only Fahrenheit figures are sowing soil minimums, germination optima, heat ceilings and post-harvest storage. Also read three multi-crop references: Michigan State's fall-vegetable freeze-damage guide, Oregon State's cold-hardy vegetable list and Iowa State's cold-and-freeze-damage page. All three sort crops into hardiness CATEGORIES (hard-frost-hardy under 28 F, light-frost-hardy 28-32 F, light-frost-susceptible) and none states a per-crop temperature. We already hold that category as frost_sensitivity, so copying a band edge in here would restate the class as if it were a measurement. The extensions also disagree about which band some crops belong in, which is the clearest sign the band is a judgment rather than a figure.","searched":"2026-08-05"},"transplant_days_after_last_frost":{"note":"No source we read gives one: \"UMD/MU 'as soon as the soil can be worked', Texas A&M calendar, UMN 'when temps reach 50F' — no frost-relative day count.\" Two separate passes reached the same conclusion, and names three separate publishers using three separate anchors — soil workability, calendar date and air temperature. None of them is last frost.","searched":"2026-08-11"}},"sources":{"count":9,"orgs":["ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center","Clemson Cooperative Extension, Home & Garden Information Center","NC State Extension","Onion ipmPIPE Diagnostic Pocket Series — H. F. Schwartz (Colorado State University) and C. S. Cramer (New Mexico State University), hosted by Washington State University","University of Illinois Extension","University of Maryland Extension","University of Minnesota Extension","Utah State University Extension"]},"varieties":[{"slug":"ailsa-craig-onion","name":"Ailsa Craig Onion","variety_type":"long_day","color":["yellow"],"heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"110","dtm_basis":"seed"},{"slug":"candy-onion","name":"Candy Onion","variety_type":"intermediate_day","color":["yellow"],"hybrid":true,"days_to_maturity":"110","dtm_basis":"seed"},{"slug":"walla-walla-onion","name":"Walla Walla Onion","variety_type":"long_day","color":["yellow"],"heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"100–125","dtm_basis":"seed"}]},{"slug":"orach","name":"Orach (mountain spinach)","display":"Orach","botanical":"Atriplex hortensis","family":"Amaranthaceae","kind":"food_crop","category":"leafy_green","lifecycle":"annual","variety_count":5,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"half_hardy","fertility":"low","soil_ph":{"v":"6–8","min":6,"max":8,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"6–12 in","min":6,"max":12,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"18–30 in","min":18,"max":30,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"0.25–1 in","min":0.25,"max":1,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"30–45 days","min":30,"max":45,"unit":"days","basis":"transplant","by_basis":{"seed":{"v":"40–60 days","min":40,"max":60},"transplant":{"v":"30–45 days","min":30,"max":45}}},"mature_height":{"v":"2–8 ft","min":24,"max":96,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"1–2 ft","min":12,"max":24,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"1–5 gal","min":1,"max":5,"unit":"gal","rm":"min_to_recommended"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"start_indoors_weeks_before_last_frost":{"max":6,"min":4},"transplant_days_after_last_frost":{"max":0,"min":-14},"direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost":{"max":-14,"min":-21},"days_to_germination":{"max":14,"min":7}},"harvest_cues":["rapid_leaf_growth"],"propagation":["direct_sow","transplant"],"pests":["aphids","leafminers","flea_beetles"],"diseases":["downy_mildew","damping_off"],"edible_parts":["leaf"],"searched":["frost_damage_temp","frost_kill_temp"],"searched_why":{"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"NO EXTENSION PUBLICATION COVERING THIS CROP WAS FOUND, which is a different finding from a page that omits the figure and is recorded as such. Tried on 2026-08-05: twelve extension URL families (Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA, Missouri Botanical, Cornell's vegetable guides, UF/IFAS EDIS), the NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox addressed by this crop's own botanical name, and a targeted name search of the extension domains. Every candidate returned a not-found page — verified as not-found by title rather than by status code, after this sweep caught a university CMS serving its 404 with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md). Orach is a niche heirloom green; Cornell lists it among its vegetable guides but the guide itself no longer resolves. The crop's frost_sensitivity class is recorded and the frost alert runs on it; what is missing is only the per-crop temperature, which for this crop US extension does not appear to publish at all.","searched":"2026-08-05"},"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"NO EXTENSION PUBLICATION COVERING THIS CROP WAS FOUND, which is a different finding from a page that omits the figure and is recorded as such. Tried on 2026-08-05: twelve extension URL families (Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA, Missouri Botanical, Cornell's vegetable guides, UF/IFAS EDIS), the NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox addressed by this crop's own botanical name, and a targeted name search of the extension domains. Every candidate returned a not-found page — verified as not-found by title rather than by status code, after this sweep caught a university CMS serving its 404 with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md). Orach is a niche heirloom green; Cornell lists it among its vegetable guides but the guide itself no longer resolves. The crop's frost_sensitivity class is recorded and the frost alert runs on it; what is missing is only the per-crop temperature, which for this crop US extension does not appear to publish at all.","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":4,"orgs":["Johnny's Selected Seeds","Missouri Botanical Garden","University of Florida IFAS Extension (HS636)","Wikipedia"]},"varieties":[]},{"slug":"orange","name":"Orange","display":"Orange","botanical":"Citrus × sinensis","family":"Rutaceae","kind":"fruit_tree","category":"fruit","lifecycle":"perennial","variety_count":23,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"tender","frost_damage_temp":{"v":"26–28 °F","min":26,"max":28,"unit":"°F","stg":"dormant_top_growth","rdg":"threshold"},"frost_kill_temp":{"v":"20 °F","min":20,"max":20,"unit":"°F","stg":"dormant_top_growth","rdg":"tolerance_floor"},"fertility":"moderate","zones":{"v":"9–11","min":9,"max":11,"unit":"usda_zone"},"soil_ph":{"v":"5.5–6.5","min":5.5,"max":6.5,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["loam","sandy","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"180 in","min":180,"max":180,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"180–240 in","min":180,"max":240,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"At soil level","min":0,"max":0,"unit":"in"},"years_to_harvest":{"v":"2–4 yr","min":2,"max":4,"unit":"yr","as":"grafted","alt":{"own_root":{"v":"7–10 yr","min":7,"max":10}}},"chill_hours":{"v":"0–100 hrs","min":0,"max":100,"unit":"hrs"},"pollination":"self_fertile","mature_height":{"v":"8–30 ft","min":96,"max":360,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"8–15 ft","min":96,"max":180,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"15–25 gal","min":15,"max":25,"unit":"gal","rm":"pot_up"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"transplant_days_after_last_frost":{"max":60,"min":0}},"harvest_cues":["fruit_coloring"],"propagation":["grafting","budding","transplant"],"pests":["aphids","citrus_leafminer","whiteflies","mealybugs","asian_citrus_psyllid","citrus_red_mite","spider_mites","citrus_rust_mite","california_red_scale","snow_scale","purple_scale","florida_wax_scale","cottony_cushion_scale"],"diseases":["citrus_greening","citrus_canker","greasy_spot","citrus_scab","alternaria_brown_spot","phytophthora_root_rot","sooty_mold"],"edible_parts":["fruit"],"human_toxicity":["low_severity","contact_dermatitis"],"pet_toxicity":["toxic_to_dogs","toxic_to_cats","toxic_to_horses"],"sources":{"count":13,"orgs":["ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center","Clemson Cooperative Extension, Home & Garden Information Center","Mississippi State University Extension","NC State Extension","UC Statewide IPM Program","UF/IFAS Extension","UF/IFAS Gardening Solutions","University of Arizona Cooperative Extension","University of Georgia College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences","University of Georgia Cooperative Extension"]},"varieties":[{"slug":"bergamot-orange","name":"Bergamot Orange","variety_type":"sour","size":"medium","heirloom":true},{"slug":"hamlin-orange","name":"Hamlin Orange","variety_type":"common_sweet","heirloom":true},{"slug":"moro-blood-orange","name":"Moro Blood Orange","variety_type":"blood","color":["red"],"heirloom":true},{"slug":"valencia-orange","name":"Valencia Orange","variety_type":"valencia","size":"large","heirloom":true},{"slug":"washington-navel-orange","name":"Washington Navel Orange","variety_type":"navel","size":"large","heirloom":true}]},{"slug":"oregano","name":"Oregano","display":"Oregano","botanical":"Origanum vulgare","family":"Lamiaceae","kind":"herb","category":"herb","lifecycle":"perennial","variety_count":12,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"low","frost_sensitivity":"hardy","fertility":"low","zones":{"v":"4–8","min":4,"max":8,"unit":"usda_zone"},"soil_ph":{"v":"6–8","min":6,"max":8,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["loam","sandy_loam","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"8–12 in","min":8,"max":12,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"18–24 in","min":18,"max":24,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"Surface — do not cover","min":0,"max":0,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"30–45 days","min":30,"max":45,"unit":"days","basis":"transplant","by_basis":{"seed":{"v":"60–90 days","min":60,"max":90},"transplant":{"v":"30–45 days","min":30,"max":45}}},"mature_height":{"v":"1–2 ft","min":12,"max":24,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"1–2 ft","min":12,"max":24,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"2–5 gal","min":2,"max":5,"unit":"gal","rm":"min_to_recommended"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"start_indoors_weeks_before_last_frost":{"max":10,"min":8},"transplant_days_after_last_frost":{"max":14,"min":0},"direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost":{"max":14,"min":0},"days_to_germination":{"max":14,"min":7}},"harvest_cues":["flower_buds"],"propagation":["division","cutting","transplant","direct_sow"],"pests":["aphids","spider_mites","leafminers","thrips","cutworms","whiteflies"],"diseases":["root_rot","rust","powdery_mildew"],"edible_parts":["leaf","flower"],"pet_toxicity":["toxic_to_dogs","toxic_to_cats","toxic_to_horses"],"searched":["frost_damage_temp","frost_kill_temp"],"searched_why":{"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"Read the NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox entry for this species in full (https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/origanum-vulgare/) and it states no cold-damage or cold-kill temperature — like every toolbox entry it gives a USDA hardiness ZONE range instead, which we already hold as hardiness_zone_min and hardiness_zone_max. That follows eleven other extension URL families swept for this crop on the same day (Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA, Missouri Botanical) which returned no page for it or no figure on the page. Across 150-plus verified-genuine pages the whole sweep produced two usable figures, and that IS the finding: extension publishes a hardiness class or zone for ordinary garden plants and reserves per-crop temperatures for critical-temperature tables — tree fruit at bloom, berries at bloom, citrus in winter, a few chilling-sensitive tropicals. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the frost alert already runs on it. Every page here was verified to be about this plant before being read, after this sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md).","searched":"2026-08-05"},"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Read the NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox entry for this species in full (https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/origanum-vulgare/) and it states no cold-damage or cold-kill temperature — like every toolbox entry it gives a USDA hardiness ZONE range instead, which we already hold as hardiness_zone_min and hardiness_zone_max. That follows eleven other extension URL families swept for this crop on the same day (Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA, Missouri Botanical) which returned no page for it or no figure on the page. Across 150-plus verified-genuine pages the whole sweep produced two usable figures, and that IS the finding: extension publishes a hardiness class or zone for ordinary garden plants and reserves per-crop temperatures for critical-temperature tables — tree fruit at bloom, berries at bloom, citrus in winter, a few chilling-sensitive tropicals. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the frost alert already runs on it. Every page here was verified to be about this plant before being read, after this sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md).","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":12,"orgs":["ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center","Clemson Cooperative Extension HGIC","Johnny's Selected Seeds","NC State Extension","NC State Extension, Pender County Center","Penn State Extension","UC Statewide IPM Program (UC ANR)","UF/IFAS Extension (Pasco County)","University of Georgia Extension","University of Illinois Extension","University of Maryland Extension"]},"varieties":[{"slug":"cuban-oregano","name":"Cuban Oregano","variety_type":"specialty","days_to_maturity":"30–45","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"greek-oregano","name":"Greek Oregano","variety_type":"greek","color":["white"],"days_to_maturity":"30–45","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"italian-oregano","name":"Italian Oregano","variety_type":"italian","color":["white"],"days_to_maturity":"30–45","dtm_basis":"transplant"}]},{"slug":"parsley","name":"Parsley","display":"Parsley","botanical":"Petroselinum crispum","family":"Apiaceae","kind":"herb","category":"herb","lifecycle":"biennial","variety_count":15,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"hardy","fertility":"moderate","zones":{"v":"4–9","min":4,"max":9,"unit":"usda_zone"},"soil_ph":{"v":"6–7","min":6,"max":7,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["loam","sandy","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"6–12 in","min":6,"max":12,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"12–18 in","min":12,"max":18,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"0.125–0.5 in","min":0.125,"max":0.5,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"50–70 days","min":50,"max":70,"unit":"days","basis":"transplant","by_basis":{"seed":{"v":"70–90 days","min":70,"max":90},"transplant":{"v":"50–70 days","min":50,"max":70}}},"mature_height":{"v":"0.7–3 ft","min":8,"max":36,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"8–12 in","min":8,"max":12,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"5–6 gal","min":5,"max":6,"unit":"gal","rm":"min_to_recommended"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"start_indoors_weeks_before_last_frost":{"max":10,"min":6},"transplant_days_after_last_frost":{"max":14,"min":0},"direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost":{"max":14,"min":-14},"days_to_germination":{"max":35,"min":14}},"harvest_cues":["rapid_leaf_growth"],"propagation":["direct_sow","transplant"],"pests":["aphids","parsleyworm","carrot_weevil","flea_beetles","leafhoppers","tarnished_plant_bug"],"diseases":["parsley_septoria_leaf_spot","stem_rot"],"edible_parts":["leaf"],"pet_toxicity":["toxic_to_dogs","toxic_to_cats","toxic_to_horses"],"searched":["frost_damage_temp","frost_kill_temp"],"searched_why":{"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"Swept ten extension URL families for this crop on 2026-08-05 — Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA and Missouri Botanical Garden — and read in full every page that genuinely covers it. None states a temperature at which the plant takes cold damage or dies. Every page was verified to be about this crop before being read, after the same sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" page with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md). Across 100-plus pages the sweep produced two usable figures, which is the finding: extension publishes a hardiness CLASS for ordinary garden crops, not a per-crop temperature. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the alert engine already uses it.","searched":"2026-08-05"},"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Swept ten extension URL families for this crop on 2026-08-05 — Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA and Missouri Botanical Garden — and read in full every page that genuinely covers it. None states a temperature at which the plant takes cold damage or dies. Every page was verified to be about this crop before being read, after the same sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" page with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md). Across 100-plus pages the sweep produced two usable figures, which is the finding: extension publishes a hardiness CLASS for ordinary garden crops, not a per-crop temperature. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the alert engine already uses it.","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":9,"orgs":["ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center","Johnny's Selected Seeds","NC State Extension (Plant Toolbox)","University of Illinois Extension","University of Maryland Extension","University of Minnesota Extension","University of Wisconsin-Madison Division of Extension"]},"varieties":[{"slug":"hamburg-parsley","name":"Hamburg Parsley","variety_type":"hamburg","heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"50–70","dtm_basis":"transplant"}]},{"slug":"parsnips","name":"Parsnips","display":"Parsnip","botanical":"Pastinaca sativa","family":"Apiaceae","kind":"food_crop","category":"root_vegetable","lifecycle":"biennial","variety_count":12,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"very_hardy","fertility":"moderate","zones":{"v":"2–9","min":2,"max":9,"unit":"usda_zone"},"soil_ph":{"v":"6–6.5","min":6,"max":6.5,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["sandy","loam","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"3–6 in","min":3,"max":6,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"12–24 in","min":12,"max":24,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"0.25–0.5 in","min":0.25,"max":0.5,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"100–180 days","min":100,"max":180,"unit":"days","basis":"seed","by_basis":{"seed":{"v":"100–180 days","min":100,"max":180}}},"mature_height":{"v":"12–18 in","min":12,"max":18,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"9–12 in","min":9,"max":12,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"5 gal","min":5,"max":5,"unit":"gal"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost":{"max":-14,"min":-21},"days_to_germination":{"max":60,"min":14}},"harvest_cues":["root_shoulder_visible"],"propagation":["direct_sow"],"pests":["parsnip_fly"],"diseases":["leaf_blight","root_rot","aster_yellows"],"edible_parts":["root"],"human_toxicity":["sap_causes_photodermatitis"],"searched":["frost_damage_temp","frost_kill_temp"],"searched_why":{"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"Utah State University Extension's https://extension.usu.edu/yardandgarden/research/parsnips-in-the-garden page does give a number — \"temperatures down to 32F do not seriously damage plants\" — and it was deliberately NOT recorded. 32 F is the freezing point, and a tolerance floor sitting exactly there says only that the crop is fine at a light frost, which is what its hardiness class already says. It carries no information about how much colder the plant takes, because USU never tested lower. Storing it would make the app fire a frost alert AT a temperature its own source calls safe, on the cool-season crops most likely to be standing in an autumn garden — every light-frost night, for a plant in no trouble. Parsnip proves the point: this page floors it at 32 F while Oregon State reports parsnips tolerant to 0 F. A useful floor here has to be BELOW freezing, as broccoli's 28, cabbage's 25 and kale's 25 are. Also read Michigan State's, Oregon State's and Iowa State's multi-crop guides; all three publish hardiness categories rather than per-crop temperatures.","searched":"2026-08-05"},"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Utah State University Extension's https://extension.usu.edu/yardandgarden/research/parsnips-in-the-garden page does give a number — \"temperatures down to 32F do not seriously damage plants\" — and it was deliberately NOT recorded. 32 F is the freezing point, and a tolerance floor sitting exactly there says only that the crop is fine at a light frost, which is what its hardiness class already says. It carries no information about how much colder the plant takes, because USU never tested lower. Storing it would make the app fire a frost alert AT a temperature its own source calls safe, on the cool-season crops most likely to be standing in an autumn garden — every light-frost night, for a plant in no trouble. Parsnip proves the point: this page floors it at 32 F while Oregon State reports parsnips tolerant to 0 F. A useful floor here has to be BELOW freezing, as broccoli's 28, cabbage's 25 and kale's 25 are. Also read Michigan State's, Oregon State's and Iowa State's multi-crop guides; all three publish hardiness categories rather than per-crop temperatures.","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":4,"orgs":["Clemson Cooperative Extension, Home & Garden Information Center","NC State Extension","University of Minnesota Extension","Utah State University Extension"]},"varieties":[]},{"slug":"peach","name":"Peach","display":"Peach","botanical":"Prunus persica","family":"Rosaceae","kind":"fruit_tree","category":"fruit","lifecycle":"perennial","variety_count":55,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"hardy","frost_damage_temp":{"v":"27 °F","min":27,"max":27,"unit":"°F","stg":"bloom","rdg":"threshold"},"frost_kill_temp":{"v":"24 °F","min":24,"max":24,"unit":"°F","stg":"bloom","rdg":"threshold"},"fertility":"moderate","zones":{"v":"5–9","min":5,"max":9,"unit":"usda_zone"},"soil_ph":{"v":"6–6.5","min":6,"max":6.5,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["sandy_loam","loam","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"144–240 in","min":144,"max":240,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"144–240 in","min":144,"max":240,"unit":"in"},"spacing_semi_dwarf":{"v":"144–192 in","min":144,"max":192,"unit":"in"},"spacing_standard":{"v":"216–240 in","min":216,"max":240,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"1–2 in","min":1,"max":2,"unit":"in"},"years_to_harvest":{"v":"3–4 yr","min":3,"max":4,"unit":"yr","as":"grafted"},"chill_hours":{"v":"200–1050 hrs","min":200,"max":1050,"unit":"hrs"},"pollination":"self_fertile","mature_height":{"v":"15–25 ft","min":180,"max":300,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"12–25 ft","min":144,"max":300,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"15–25 gal","min":15,"max":25,"unit":"gal","rm":"min_to_recommended"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"transplant_days_after_last_frost":{"max":-14,"min":-120}},"harvest_cues":["fruit_coloring"],"propagation":["grafting","budding"],"pests":["plum_curculio","peachtree_borer","lesser_peachtree_borer","peach_twig_borer","oriental_fruit_moth","scale","spider_mites","aphids","stink_bugs","earwigs"],"diseases":["brown_rot","stone_fruit_bacterial_spot","peach_leaf_curl","peach_scab","shot_hole","cytospora_canker","crown_and_root_rot","powdery_mildew","gummosis"],"edible_parts":["fruit"],"human_toxicity":["toxic_seeds"],"pet_toxicity":["toxic_to_dogs","toxic_to_cats","toxic_to_horses"],"sources":{"count":14,"orgs":["ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center","Alabama Cooperative Extension System","Clemson University Home & Garden Information Center","Michigan State University Extension (compiled by Mark Longstroth; values from WSU EB0914)","Mississippi State University Extension","NC State Extension","North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox","Penn State Extension","UC Statewide IPM Program","UConn Home & Garden Education Center","University of Georgia Cooperative Extension","Utah State University Extension"]},"varieties":[{"slug":"babcock-peach","name":"Babcock Peach","variety_type":"freestone","color":["white"],"heirloom":true},{"slug":"contender-peach","name":"Contender Peach","variety_type":"freestone"},{"slug":"elberta-peach","name":"Elberta Peach","variety_type":"freestone","heirloom":true},{"slug":"red-baron-peach","name":"Red Baron Peach","variety_type":"freestone"},{"slug":"reliance-peach","name":"Reliance Peach","variety_type":"freestone"},{"slug":"saturn-peach","name":"Saturn Peach","variety_type":"freestone","color":["white"]}]},{"slug":"peanut","name":"Peanut (groundnut)","display":"Peanut","botanical":"Arachis hypogaea","family":"Fabaceae","kind":"food_crop","category":"legume","lifecycle":"annual","variety_count":8,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"tender","growth_habit":["bush","runner"],"fertility":"low","soil_ph":{"v":"5.8–6.2","min":5.8,"max":6.2,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["sandy","loam","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"6–12 in","min":6,"max":12,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"20–36 in","min":20,"max":36,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"1–3 in","min":1,"max":3,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"90–150 days","min":90,"max":150,"unit":"days","basis":"seed","by_basis":{"seed":{"v":"90–150 days","min":90,"max":150}}},"mature_height":{"v":"1–2 ft","min":12,"max":24,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"2.5–3.5 ft","min":30,"max":42,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"5 gal","min":5,"max":5,"unit":"gal"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"start_indoors_weeks_before_last_frost":{"max":6,"min":4},"transplant_days_after_last_frost":{"max":14,"min":7},"direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost":{"max":14,"min":0},"days_to_germination":{"max":10,"min":5}},"harvest_cues":["lower_leaf_yellowing"],"propagation":["direct_sow"],"pests":["wireworms","armyworms","cutworms","aphids","thrips","corn_earworm"],"diseases":["leaf_spot"],"edible_parts":["seed"],"searched":["frost_damage_temp","frost_kill_temp"],"searched_why":{"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"Swept ten extension URL families for this crop on 2026-08-05 — Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA and Missouri Botanical Garden — and read in full every page that genuinely covers it. None states a temperature at which the plant takes cold damage or dies. Every page was verified to be about this crop before being read, after the same sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" page with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md). Across 100-plus pages the sweep produced two usable figures, which is the finding: extension publishes a hardiness CLASS for ordinary garden crops, not a per-crop temperature. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the alert engine already uses it.","searched":"2026-08-05"},"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Swept ten extension URL families for this crop on 2026-08-05 — Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA and Missouri Botanical Garden — and read in full every page that genuinely covers it. None states a temperature at which the plant takes cold damage or dies. Every page was verified to be about this crop before being read, after the same sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" page with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md). Across 100-plus pages the sweep produced two usable figures, which is the finding: extension publishes a hardiness CLASS for ordinary garden crops, not a per-crop temperature. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the alert engine already uses it.","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":7,"orgs":["Clemson Cooperative Extension, Home & Garden Information Center","Iowa State University Extension and Outreach","LSU AgCenter","NC State Extension","Texas A&M AgriLife Extension","Utah State University Extension"]},"varieties":[]},{"slug":"pear","name":"European Pear","display":"European Pear","botanical":"Pyrus communis","family":"Rosaceae","kind":"fruit_tree","category":"fruit","lifecycle":"perennial","variety_count":38,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"hardy","frost_damage_temp":{"v":"28 °F","min":28,"max":28,"unit":"°F","stg":"bloom","rdg":"threshold"},"frost_kill_temp":{"v":"24 °F","min":24,"max":24,"unit":"°F","stg":"bloom","rdg":"threshold"},"fertility":"low","zones":{"v":"4–8","min":4,"max":8,"unit":"usda_zone"},"soil_ph":{"v":"6–7","min":6,"max":7,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["loam","sandy","clay","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"96–240 in","min":96,"max":240,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"96–240 in","min":96,"max":240,"unit":"in"},"spacing_dwarf":{"v":"96 in","min":96,"max":96,"unit":"in"},"spacing_semi_dwarf":{"v":"144 in","min":144,"max":144,"unit":"in"},"spacing_standard":{"v":"180–240 in","min":180,"max":240,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"2–4 in","min":2,"max":4,"unit":"in"},"years_to_harvest":{"v":"3–10 yr","min":3,"max":10,"unit":"yr","as":"grafted"},"chill_hours":{"v":"400–1100 hrs","min":400,"max":1100,"unit":"hrs"},"pollination":"needs_pollinizer","mature_height":{"v":"15–40 ft","min":180,"max":480,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"16–35 ft","min":192,"max":420,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"15–25 gal","min":15,"max":25,"unit":"gal","rm":"min_to_recommended"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"transplant_days_after_last_frost":{"max":14,"min":-28}},"harvest_cues":["fruit_coloring","fruit_sizing"],"propagation":["grafting","cutting"],"pests":["pear_psylla","codling_moth","spider_mites","aphids","borers","japanese_beetle","scale"],"diseases":["fire_blight","pear_scab","powdery_mildew","anthracnose","canker","black_rot","leaf_spot"],"edible_parts":["fruit"],"sources":{"count":12,"orgs":["Alabama Cooperative Extension System","Michigan State University Extension","Mississippi State University Extension","NC State Extension","University of Georgia Extension","University of Illinois Extension","University of Minnesota Extension","University of New Hampshire Extension","Utah State University Extension","Washington State University Tree Fruit"]},"varieties":[{"slug":"anjou-pear","name":"Anjou Pear","variety_type":"european","heirloom":true},{"slug":"ayers-pear","name":"Ayers Pear","color":["bicolor"],"heirloom":true},{"slug":"bartlett-pear","name":"Bartlett Pear","variety_type":"european","heirloom":true},{"slug":"bosc-pear","name":"Bosc Pear","variety_type":"european","heirloom":true},{"slug":"comice-pear","name":"Comice Pear","variety_type":"european","heirloom":true},{"slug":"hosui-pear","name":"Hosui Pear","variety_type":"asian","size":"large"},{"slug":"kieffer-pear","name":"Kieffer Pear","size":"large","heirloom":true},{"slug":"moonglow-pear","name":"Moonglow Pear","size":"large"},{"slug":"seckel-pear","name":"Seckel Pear","size":"small","heirloom":true},{"slug":"shinseiki-pear","name":"Shinseiki Pear","variety_type":"asian","color":["yellow"]}]},{"slug":"peas","name":"Peas","display":"Pea","botanical":"Lathyrus oleraceus","family":"Fabaceae","kind":"food_crop","category":"legume","lifecycle":"annual","variety_count":51,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"hardy","fertility":"low","soil_ph":{"v":"6–7.5","min":6,"max":7.5,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["clay","loam","sandy","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"1–3 in","min":1,"max":3,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"18–24 in","min":18,"max":24,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"0.5–1.5 in","min":0.5,"max":1.5,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"50–70 days","min":50,"max":70,"unit":"days","basis":"seed","by_basis":{"seed":{"v":"50–70 days","min":50,"max":70}}},"mature_height":{"v":"2–5 ft","min":24,"max":60,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"6–12 in","min":6,"max":12,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"1–3 gal","min":1,"max":3,"unit":"gal","rm":"min_to_recommended"},"needs_support":true,"timing":{"direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost":{"max":-28,"min":-42},"fall_sow_calendar":[{"curation_status":"source_verified","from":"08-15","not_recommended":false,"place":"South Carolina — Piedmont","to":"10-30"},{"curation_status":"source_verified","from":"08-15","not_recommended":false,"place":"South Carolina — Coastal Plain","to":"11-30"}],"days_to_germination":{"max":10,"min":7}},"harvest_cues":["pods_filling","pods_tender_snap_stage"],"propagation":["direct_sow"],"pests":["aphids","cutworms","armyworms","pea_weevil"],"diseases":["powdery_mildew","fusarium_wilt","root_rot","damping_off","white_mold","bacterial_blight","pea_enation_mosaic_virus"],"edible_parts":["seed","fruit","leaf"],"searched":["frost_damage_temp","frost_kill_temp"],"searched_why":{"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"Swept ten extension URL families for this crop on 2026-08-05 — Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA and Missouri Botanical Garden — and read in full every page that genuinely covers it. None states a temperature at which the plant takes cold damage or dies. Every page was verified to be about this crop before being read, after the same sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" page with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md). Across 100-plus pages the sweep produced two usable figures, which is the finding: extension publishes a hardiness CLASS for ordinary garden crops, not a per-crop temperature. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the alert engine already uses it.","searched":"2026-08-05"},"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Swept ten extension URL families for this crop on 2026-08-05 — Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA and Missouri Botanical Garden — and read in full every page that genuinely covers it. None states a temperature at which the plant takes cold damage or dies. Every page was verified to be about this crop before being read, after the same sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" page with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md). Across 100-plus pages the sweep produced two usable figures, which is the finding: extension publishes a hardiness CLASS for ordinary garden crops, not a per-crop temperature. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the alert engine already uses it.","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":8,"orgs":["Clemson Cooperative Extension, Home & Garden Information Center","NC State Extension","University of Maryland Extension","University of Minnesota Extension","Utah State University Extension","Washington State University Extension"]},"varieties":[{"slug":"sugar-snap-peas","name":"Sugar Snap Pea","variety_type":"snap","color":["green"],"days_to_maturity":"68","dtm_basis":"seed"}]},{"slug":"pepper","name":"Peppers (capsicum)","display":"Pepper","botanical":"Capsicum annuum","family":"Solanaceae","kind":"food_crop","category":"fruiting_vegetable","lifecycle":"tender_perennial","variety_count":55,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"tender","frost_damage_temp":{"v":"33 °F","min":33,"max":33,"unit":"°F","stg":"chilling","rdg":"threshold"},"fertility":"moderate","zones":{"v":"4–11","min":4,"max":11,"unit":"usda_zone"},"soil_ph":{"v":"6–7","min":6,"max":7,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["well_drained","loam","sandy_loam"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"12–24 in","min":12,"max":24,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"18–36 in","min":18,"max":36,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"0.25–0.5 in","min":0.25,"max":0.5,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"70–85 days","min":70,"max":85,"unit":"days","basis":"transplant","by_basis":{"seed":{"v":"100–120 days","min":100,"max":120},"transplant":{"v":"70–85 days","min":70,"max":85}}},"mature_height":{"v":"1–4 ft","min":12,"max":48,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"6–12 in","min":6,"max":12,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"5 gal","min":5,"max":5,"unit":"gal"},"needs_support":true,"timing":{"start_indoors_weeks_before_last_frost":{"max":10,"min":6},"transplant_days_after_last_frost":14,"days_to_germination":{"max":28,"min":7}},"harvest_cues":["fruit_sizing","fruit_coloring"],"propagation":["transplant","direct_sow"],"pests":["aphids","flea_beetles","tomato_hornworm","thrips","european_corn_borer","corn_earworm","armyworms","pepper_maggot","cutworms","stink_bugs","spider_mites"],"diseases":["bacterial_leaf_spot","bacterial_wilt","tomato_spotted_wilt_virus","cucumber_mosaic_virus","fusarium_wilt","phytophthora_blight","cercospora_leaf_spot","southern_blight","anthracnose","blossom_end_rot","sunscald"],"edible_parts":["fruit"],"searched":["frost_kill_temp"],"searched_why":{"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Utah State University Extension states this crop's frost_damage_temp (33 F, chilling) and states NO separate temperature at which the plant is lost, and no other publication read in the 2026-08-05 sweep across twelve extension URL families supplies one. That is the normal shape outside the critical-temperature tables: those tables print a 10% and a 90% column together, which is where every paired record we hold comes from, and an ordinary crop page names one threshold or the other. LEAVING THIS EMPTY IS THE CORRECT OUTCOME, not a gap to fill later by inference. The two fields are read as a pair, so a guessed kill figure would manufacture a safety margin nobody measured — and the engine would print that margin to a gardener as if it were a fact. Where the crop is lost outright below the damage point, its frost_sensitivity class already says so and the alert already fires from it.","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":11,"orgs":["Clemson Cooperative Extension HGIC","Michigan State University Extension","North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox","University of Georgia Extension","University of Maryland Extension","University of Minnesota Extension","University of Missouri Extension","University of New Hampshire Cooperative Extension","Utah State University Extension"]},"varieties":[{"slug":"anaheim-chili-pepper","name":"Anaheim Chili Pepper","variety_type":"anaheim","color":["green","red"],"size":"large","heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"70–90","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"big-bertha-pepper","name":"Big Bertha Pepper","variety_type":"bell","color":["green","red"],"size":"large","hybrid":true,"days_to_maturity":"70","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"california-wonder-pepper","name":"California Wonder Pepper","variety_type":"bell","color":["green","red"],"size":"large","heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"75","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"carmen-pepper","name":"Carmen Pepper","variety_type":"corno_di_toro","color":["red"],"size":"large","hybrid":true,"days_to_maturity":"80","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"carolina-reaper-pepper","name":"Carolina Reaper Pepper","variety_type":"reaper","color":["red"],"size":"small","days_to_maturity":"90","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"corno-di-toro-pepper","name":"Corno di Toro Pepper","variety_type":"corno_di_toro","color":["red"],"size":"large","heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"72","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"cubanelle-pepper","name":"Cubanelle Pepper","variety_type":"cubanelle","color":["green","red"],"size":"large","heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"62–70","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"datil-pepper","name":"Datil Pepper","variety_type":"datil","color":["orange","yellow"],"size":"small","heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"100","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"fatalii-pepper","name":"Fatalii Pepper","variety_type":"fatalii","color":["yellow"],"size":"small","heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"100","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"fresno-pepper","name":"Fresno Pepper","variety_type":"fresno","color":["green","red"],"size":"small","heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"75–80","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"giant-marconi-pepper","name":"Giant Marconi Pepper","variety_type":"marconi","color":["green","red"],"size":"large","hybrid":true,"days_to_maturity":"72","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"gypsy-pepper","name":"Gypsy Pepper","color":["yellow","orange","red"],"size":"medium","hybrid":true,"days_to_maturity":"62","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"jimmy-nardello-pepper","name":"Jimmy Nardello Pepper","variety_type":"italian_frying","color":["red"],"size":"large","heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"80–90","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"king-of-the-north-pepper","name":"King of the North Pepper","variety_type":"bell","color":["green","red"],"size":"large","heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"70","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"pepperoncini-pepper","name":"Pepperoncini Pepper","variety_type":"pepperoncini","color":["green","red"],"size":"small","days_to_maturity":"70","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"pimento-pepper","name":"Pimento Pepper","variety_type":"pimento","color":["red"],"size":"medium","heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"75","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"poblano-pepper","name":"Poblano Pepper","variety_type":"poblano","color":["green","red"],"size":"medium","heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"65–75","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"purple-beauty-pepper","name":"Purple Beauty Pepper","variety_type":"bell","color":["purple","red"],"size":"medium","heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"75","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"santa-fe-grande-pepper","name":"Santa Fe Grande Pepper","variety_type":"hungarian_wax","color":["yellow","orange","red"],"size":"medium","heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"80–89","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"scotch-bonnet-pepper","name":"Scotch Bonnet Pepper","variety_type":"scotch_bonnet","color":["orange"],"size":"small","heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"120","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"serrano-pepper","name":"Serrano Pepper","variety_type":"serrano","color":["green","red"],"size":"small","heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"75–90","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"shishito-pepper","name":"Shishito Pepper","variety_type":"shishito","color":["green","red"],"size":"small","days_to_maturity":"60","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"sweet-banana-pepper","name":"Sweet Banana Pepper","variety_type":"banana","color":["yellow","red"],"size":"medium","heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"72","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"tabasco-pepper","name":"Tabasco Pepper","variety_type":"tabasco","color":["red"],"size":"small","heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"90–96","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"thai-hot-pepper","name":"Thai Hot Pepper","variety_type":"thai","color":["red"],"size":"small","heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"90","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"trinidad-scorpion-pepper","name":"Trinidad Scorpion Pepper","variety_type":"scorpion","color":["red"],"size":"small","days_to_maturity":"100","dtm_basis":"transplant"}]},{"slug":"persimmon","name":"Persimmon","display":"Persimmon","botanical":"Diospyros kaki (Asian/Japanese persimmon) and Diospyros virginiana (American persimmon)","family":"Ebenaceae","kind":"fruit_tree","category":"fruit","lifecycle":"perennial","variety_count":37,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"hardy","frost_kill_temp":{"v":"10 °F","min":10,"max":10,"unit":"°F","stg":"dormant_top_growth","rdg":"threshold"},"fertility":"low","zones":{"v":"4–10","min":4,"max":10,"unit":"usda_zone"},"soil_ph":{"v":"6–8","min":6,"max":8,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["clay","loam","sandy","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"180–216 in","min":180,"max":216,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"240 in","min":240,"max":240,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"At soil level","min":0,"max":0,"unit":"in"},"years_to_harvest":{"v":"3–6 yr","min":3,"max":6,"unit":"yr","as":"grafted"},"chill_hours":{"v":"200–400 hrs","min":200,"max":400,"unit":"hrs"},"pollination":"needs_pollinizer","mature_height":{"v":"10–40 ft","min":120,"max":480,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"15–35 ft","min":180,"max":420,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"15–25 gal","min":15,"max":25,"unit":"gal","rm":"pot_up"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"transplant_days_after_last_frost":{"max":14,"min":-56}},"harvest_cues":["fruit_coloring"],"propagation":["grafting","budding","seed","root_cutting"],"pests":["scale","persimmon_psyllid","caterpillars","persimmon_borer","mealybugs"],"diseases":["leaf_spot","twig_dieback","powdery_mildew","crown_gall","anthracnose"],"edible_parts":["fruit"],"searched":["frost_damage_temp"],"searched_why":{"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"The publication that gives this crop its frost_kill_temp (UGA C784 and Clemson, \"may be injured or killed below 10 F\", now corroborated by the NC State Plant Toolbox entry for Diospyros kaki: they \"do not tolerate temperatures below 10F\") states ONLY that one figure and no separate onset-of-damage temperature, and no other source read in the 2026-08-05 sweep across twelve extension URL families supplies one. That is the normal shape outside the critical-temperature tables: a source names the point where the crop is lost and says nothing about the milder harm before it. Leaving this empty is correct — inventing a warmer number to pair with the kill figure would manufacture a safety margin no source measured, and the engine reads the pair as exactly that.","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":6,"orgs":["Clemson Cooperative Extension, Home & Garden Information Center","Mississippi State University Extension","North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox","Texas A&M AgriLife Extension","University of Georgia Cooperative Extension"]},"varieties":[{"slug":"chocolate-persimmon","name":"Chocolate Persimmon","variety_type":"pollination_variant","color":["bicolor"],"size":"medium","heirloom":true},{"slug":"fuyu-persimmon","name":"Fuyu Persimmon","variety_type":"non_astringent","color":["red"],"size":"medium","heirloom":true},{"slug":"hachiya-persimmon","name":"Hachiya Persimmon","variety_type":"astringent","color":["orange"],"size":"large","heirloom":true},{"slug":"jiro-persimmon","name":"Jiro Persimmon","variety_type":"non_astringent","color":["orange"],"heirloom":true},{"slug":"saijo-persimmon","name":"Saijo Persimmon","variety_type":"astringent","heirloom":true}]},{"slug":"petunia","name":"Garden petunia","display":"Garden petunia","botanical":"Petunia × hybrida","family":"Solanaceae","kind":"ornamental","category":"flower","lifecycle":"annual","variety_count":27,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"tender","growth_habit":["mounding","trailing"],"fertility":"moderate","zones":{"v":"10–11","min":10,"max":11,"unit":"usda_zone"},"soil_ph":{"v":"6–7","min":6,"max":7,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["loam","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"12–18 in","min":12,"max":18,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"12–18 in","min":12,"max":18,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"Surface — do not cover","min":0,"max":0,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"14–28 days","min":14,"max":28,"unit":"days","basis":"transplant","by_basis":{"seed":{"v":"70–90 days","min":70,"max":90},"transplant":{"v":"14–28 days","min":14,"max":28}}},"mature_height":{"v":"6–18 in","min":6,"max":18,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"1–3 ft","min":12,"max":36,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"1–3 gal","min":1,"max":3,"unit":"gal","rm":"min_to_recommended"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"start_indoors_weeks_before_last_frost":{"max":12,"min":8},"transplant_days_after_last_frost":{"max":14,"min":0},"days_to_germination":{"max":10,"min":7}},"propagation":["transplant"],"pests":["aphids","flea_beetles","slugs","snails"],"diseases":["root_rot","gray_mold","tobacco_mosaic_virus","late_blight","petal_blight"],"pet_toxicity":["non_toxic_to_cats","non_toxic_to_dogs","non_toxic_to_horses"],"searched":["edible_parts","frost_damage_temp","frost_kill_temp"],"searched_why":{"edible_parts":{"note":"No source we read gives one: \"ornamental bedding/container flower — no edible_parts, no human_toxicity, no medicinal claims, and NOT a cut/harvested crop.\" The identity line does the work: this record is not a harvested crop at all, so a parts list would be answering a question the plant does not pose. And the page is NOT silent on the thing that matters here: pet_toxicity is source_verified non-toxic to cats, dogs and horses.","searched":"2026-08-11"},"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"Swept ten extension URL families for this crop on 2026-08-05 — Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA and Missouri Botanical Garden — and read in full every page that genuinely covers it. None states a temperature at which the plant takes cold damage or dies. Every page was verified to be about this crop before being read, after the same sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" page with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md). Across 100-plus pages the sweep produced two usable figures, which is the finding: extension publishes a hardiness CLASS for ordinary garden crops, not a per-crop temperature. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the alert engine already uses it.","searched":"2026-08-05"},"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Swept ten extension URL families for this crop on 2026-08-05 — Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA and Missouri Botanical Garden — and read in full every page that genuinely covers it. None states a temperature at which the plant takes cold damage or dies. Every page was verified to be about this crop before being read, after the same sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" page with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md). Across 100-plus pages the sweep produced two usable figures, which is the finding: extension publishes a hardiness CLASS for ordinary garden crops, not a per-crop temperature. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the alert engine already uses it.","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":6,"orgs":["ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center","Clemson Cooperative Extension HGIC","Missouri Botanical Garden","NC State Extension","University of Illinois Extension","University of Minnesota Extension"]},"varieties":[{"slug":"black-velvet-petunia","name":"Black Velvet Petunia","color":["purple"],"days_to_maturity":"14–28","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"night-sky-petunia","name":"Night Sky Petunia","color":["bicolor"],"days_to_maturity":"14–28","dtm_basis":"transplant"}]},{"slug":"plum","name":"Plum","display":"Plum","botanical":"Prunus domestica / Prunus salicina","family":"Rosaceae","kind":"fruit_tree","category":"fruit","lifecycle":"perennial","variety_count":40,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"hardy","frost_damage_temp":{"v":"28 °F","min":28,"max":28,"unit":"°F","stg":"bloom","rdg":"threshold"},"frost_kill_temp":{"v":"23 °F","min":23,"max":23,"unit":"°F","stg":"bloom","rdg":"threshold"},"fertility":"moderate","zones":{"v":"4–9","min":4,"max":9,"unit":"usda_zone"},"soil_ph":{"v":"6–6.5","min":6,"max":6.5,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["sandy_loam","sandy_clay_loam","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"144–264 in","min":144,"max":264,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"216–264 in","min":216,"max":264,"unit":"in"},"years_to_harvest":{"v":"2–5 yr","min":2,"max":5,"unit":"yr","as":"grafted"},"chill_hours":{"v":"500–1100 hrs","min":500,"max":1100,"unit":"hrs"},"pollination":"partially_self_fertile","mature_height":{"v":"10–20 ft","min":120,"max":240,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"10–20 ft","min":120,"max":240,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"15–25 gal","min":15,"max":25,"unit":"gal","rm":"min_to_recommended"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"transplant_days_after_last_frost":{"max":14,"min":-42}},"harvest_cues":["fruit_coloring"],"propagation":["grafting","budding","cutting","seed"],"pests":["plum_curculio","aphids","spider_mites","san_jose_scale","peachtree_borer","japanese_beetle","spotted_wing_drosophila","apple_maggot","codling_moth","oriental_fruit_moth"],"diseases":["brown_rot","black_knot","bacterial_canker","bacterial_leaf_spot","plum_leaf_scorch","plum_pocket","coryneum_blight","cytospora_canker","rust"],"edible_parts":["fruit"],"human_toxicity":["cyanogenic_seeds","amygdalin"],"pet_toxicity":["toxic_to_dogs","toxic_to_cats","toxic_to_horses"],"sources":{"count":10,"orgs":["ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center","Clemson Cooperative Extension, Home & Garden Information Center","NC State Extension","National Capital Poison Center (Poison Control)","University of Georgia Cooperative Extension","University of Maine Cooperative Extension","University of Minnesota Extension","Utah State University Extension"]},"varieties":[{"slug":"au-rosa-plum","name":"Au Rosa Plum","variety_type":"japanese","color":["red"]},{"slug":"blue-damson-plum","name":"Blue Damson Plum","variety_type":"european","color":["purple"],"heirloom":true},{"slug":"damson-plum","name":"Damson Plum","variety_type":"european","color":["purple"],"heirloom":true},{"slug":"elephant-heart-plum","name":"Elephant Heart Plum","variety_type":"japanese","heirloom":true},{"slug":"green-gage-plum","name":"Green Gage Plum","variety_type":"european","color":["green"],"size":"small","heirloom":true},{"slug":"methley-plum","name":"Methley Plum","variety_type":"japanese","color":["purple"],"heirloom":true},{"slug":"mount-royal-plum","name":"Mount Royal Plum","variety_type":"european","color":["purple"],"heirloom":true},{"slug":"santa-rosa-plum","name":"Santa Rosa Plum","variety_type":"japanese","color":["purple"],"heirloom":true},{"slug":"satsuma-plum","name":"Satsuma Plum","variety_type":"japanese","color":["bicolor"],"heirloom":true},{"slug":"shiro-plum","name":"Shiro Plum","variety_type":"japanese","color":["yellow"],"heirloom":true},{"slug":"stanley-plum","name":"Stanley Plum","variety_type":"european","color":["purple"],"heirloom":true},{"slug":"toka-plum","name":"Toka Plum","variety_type":"american_hybrid","color":["red"],"size":"small","heirloom":true},{"slug":"victoria-plum","name":"Victoria Plum","variety_type":"european","color":["purple"],"size":"medium","heirloom":true}]},{"slug":"pomegranate","name":"Pomegranate","display":"Pomegranate","botanical":"Punica granatum","family":"Lythraceae","kind":"fruit_tree","category":"fruit","lifecycle":"perennial","variety_count":24,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"low","frost_sensitivity":"half_hardy","frost_damage_temp":{"v":"12 °F","min":12,"max":12,"unit":"°F","stg":"dormant_top_growth","rdg":"tolerance_floor"},"frost_kill_temp":{"v":"10 °F","min":10,"max":10,"unit":"°F","stg":"dormant_top_growth","rdg":"threshold"},"fertility":"low","zones":{"v":"8–10","min":8,"max":10,"unit":"usda_zone"},"soil_ph":{"v":"5.5–7.2","min":5.5,"max":7.2,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["loam","sandy","clay","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"216 in","min":216,"max":216,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"216 in","min":216,"max":216,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"At soil level","min":0,"max":0,"unit":"in"},"years_to_harvest":{"v":"2–3 yr","min":2,"max":3,"unit":"yr","as":"own_root"},"chill_hours":{"v":"150–200 hrs","min":150,"max":200,"unit":"hrs"},"pollination":"partially_self_fertile","mature_height":{"v":"10–20 ft","min":120,"max":240,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"8–10 ft","min":96,"max":120,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"5–15 gal","min":5,"max":15,"unit":"gal","rm":"pot_up"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"transplant_days_after_last_frost":{"max":30,"min":0}},"harvest_cues":["fruit_coloring"],"propagation":["cutting","transplant"],"pests":["whiteflies","mealybugs","scale","aphids","leafrollers","thrips","deer"],"diseases":["leaf_spot","fruit_spot","root_rot"],"edible_parts":["fruit"],"sources":{"count":4,"orgs":["Clemson Cooperative Extension, Home & Garden Information Center","NC State Extension","University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources (ANR)","University of Georgia Cooperative Extension"]},"varieties":[{"slug":"eversweet-pomegranate","name":"Eversweet Pomegranate","variety_type":"soft_seed","color":["white"],"size":"large"},{"slug":"parfianka-pomegranate","name":"Parfianka Pomegranate","variety_type":"soft_seed","color":["red"],"size":"large","heirloom":true},{"slug":"wonderful-pomegranate","name":"Wonderful Pomegranate","color":["red"],"size":"large","heirloom":true}]},{"slug":"potato","name":"Potatoes","display":"Potato","botanical":"Solanum tuberosum","family":"Solanaceae","kind":"food_crop","category":"tuber_vegetable","lifecycle":"annual","variety_count":50,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"half_hardy","frost_damage_temp":{"v":"32 °F","min":32,"max":32,"unit":"°F","stg":"standing_crop","rdg":"threshold"},"fertility":"heavy","soil_ph":{"v":"6–6.5","min":6,"max":6.5,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["sandy","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"10–12 in","min":10,"max":12,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"30–36 in","min":30,"max":36,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"3–6 in","min":3,"max":6,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"90–120 days","min":90,"max":120,"unit":"days","basis":"seed","by_basis":{"seed":{"v":"90–120 days","min":90,"max":120}}},"mature_height":{"v":"1–3 ft","min":12,"max":36,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"12–18 in","min":12,"max":18,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"5–15 gal","min":5,"max":15,"unit":"gal","rm":"min_to_recommended"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost":{"max":-14,"min":-21}},"harvest_cues":["tops_falling_over","skin_set"],"propagation":["sets"],"pests":["colorado_potato_beetle","flea_beetles","aphids","cutworms","wireworms","potato_leafhopper","potato_tuberworm"],"diseases":["early_blight","late_blight","verticillium_wilt","fusarium_wilt","common_scab","brown_rot","soft_rot","root_knot_nematodes"],"edible_parts":["tuber"],"human_toxicity":["toxic_leaves","toxic_stems","toxic_green_tubers"],"searched":["frost_kill_temp"],"searched_why":{"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Iowa State University Extension and Outreach states this crop's frost_damage_temp (32 F, standing_crop) and states NO separate temperature at which the plant is lost, and no other publication read in the 2026-08-05 sweep across twelve extension URL families supplies one. That is the normal shape outside the critical-temperature tables: those tables print a 10% and a 90% column together, which is where every paired record we hold comes from, and an ordinary crop page names one threshold or the other. LEAVING THIS EMPTY IS THE CORRECT OUTCOME, not a gap to fill later by inference. The two fields are read as a pair, so a guessed kill figure would manufacture a safety margin nobody measured — and the engine would print that margin to a gardener as if it were a fact. Where the crop is lost outright below the damage point, its frost_sensitivity class already says so and the alert already fires from it.","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":7,"orgs":["Clemson Cooperative Extension, Home & Garden Information Center","Iowa State University Extension and Outreach","NC State Extension","University of Maryland Extension","University of Minnesota Extension","University of New Hampshire Extension","Utah State University Extension"]},"varieties":[{"slug":"adirondack-blue-potato","name":"Adirondack Blue Potato","variety_type":"blue_purple","color":["purple"],"days_to_maturity":"90–120","dtm_basis":"seed"},{"slug":"german-butterball-potato","name":"German Butterball Potato","variety_type":"yellow","color":["yellow"],"heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"90–120","dtm_basis":"seed"},{"slug":"huckleberry-gold-potato","name":"Huckleberry Gold Potato","variety_type":"blue_purple","color":["purple"],"days_to_maturity":"90–120","dtm_basis":"seed"},{"slug":"kennebec-potato","name":"Kennebec Potato","variety_type":"white","color":["white"],"days_to_maturity":"90–120","dtm_basis":"seed"},{"slug":"purple-majesty-potato","name":"Purple Majesty Potato","variety_type":"blue_purple","color":["purple"],"days_to_maturity":"90–120","dtm_basis":"seed"},{"slug":"purple-viking-potato","name":"Purple Viking Potato","variety_type":"blue_purple","color":["purple"],"days_to_maturity":"90–120","dtm_basis":"seed"},{"slug":"russet-burbank-potato","name":"Russet Burbank Potato","variety_type":"russet","color":["brown"],"heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"90–120","dtm_basis":"seed"},{"slug":"yukon-gold-potato","name":"Yukon Gold Potato","variety_type":"yellow","color":["yellow"],"days_to_maturity":"90–120","dtm_basis":"seed"}]},{"slug":"pumpkins","name":"Pumpkins","display":"Pumpkin","botanical":"Cucurbita pepo","family":"Cucurbitaceae","kind":"food_crop","category":"fruiting_vegetable","lifecycle":"annual","variety_count":44,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"tender","frost_damage_temp":{"v":"28 °F","min":28,"max":28,"unit":"°F","stg":"standing_crop","rdg":"threshold"},"fertility":"heavy","soil_ph":{"v":"6–6.5","min":6,"max":6.5,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["loam","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"36–48 in","min":36,"max":48,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"72–96 in","min":72,"max":96,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"0.5–1.5 in","min":0.5,"max":1.5,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"70–120 days","min":70,"max":120,"unit":"days","basis":"seed","by_basis":{"seed":{"v":"70–120 days","min":70,"max":120}}},"weeks_indoors_before_planting_out":{"v":"4 wk","min":4,"max":4,"unit":"wk"},"mature_height":{"v":"1–3 ft","min":12,"max":36,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"2–25 ft","min":24,"max":300,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"8–10 gal","min":8,"max":10,"unit":"gal","rm":"min_to_recommended"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"transplant_days_after_last_frost":{"max":14,"min":7},"start_indoors_weeks_before_transplant":4,"direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost":{"max":14,"min":7},"days_to_germination":{"max":10,"min":7}},"harvest_cues":["skin_set","fruit_coloring"],"propagation":["direct_sow","transplant"],"pests":["squash_bugs","squash_vine_borer","striped_cucumber_beetle","spotted_cucumber_beetle","aphids","pickleworm","squash_beetle","seed_corn_maggot"],"diseases":["powdery_mildew","downy_mildew","bacterial_wilt","fruit_rot","anthracnose","cucurbit_virus"],"edible_parts":["fruit","seed"],"searched":["frost_kill_temp","start_indoors_weeks_before_last_frost"],"searched_why":{"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"University of Maryland Extension states this crop's frost_damage_temp (28 F, standing_crop) and states NO separate temperature at which the plant is lost, and no other publication read in the 2026-08-05 sweep across twelve extension URL families supplies one. That is the normal shape outside the critical-temperature tables: those tables print a 10% and a 90% column together, which is where every paired record we hold comes from, and an ordinary crop page names one threshold or the other. LEAVING THIS EMPTY IS THE CORRECT OUTCOME, not a gap to fill later by inference. The two fields are read as a pair, so a guessed kill figure would manufacture a safety margin nobody measured — and the engine would print that margin to a gardener as if it were a fact. Where the crop is lost outright below the damage point, its frost_sensitivity class already says so and the alert already fires from it.","searched":"2026-08-05"},"start_indoors_weeks_before_last_frost":{"note":"No source we read gives one: \"UMD anchors '3 weeks before planting time', not last frost.\" Maryland does publish a number. It is anchored to planting time rather than to last frost, so adopting it would silently re-anchor a figure to a frame its source never used.","searched":"2026-08-11"}},"sources":{"count":8,"orgs":["Clemson Cooperative Extension HGIC","NC State Extension","UMass Extension (Center for Agriculture, Food, and the Environment)","University of Illinois Extension","University of Maryland Extension","University of Minnesota Extension","Utah State University Extension"]},"varieties":[{"slug":"atlantic-giant-pumpkins","name":"Atlantic Giant Pumpkin","variety_type":"giant","color":["orange"],"hybrid":true,"days_to_maturity":"120","dtm_basis":"seed"},{"slug":"big-max-pumpkins","name":"Big Max Pumpkin","variety_type":"giant","color":["orange"],"heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"100","dtm_basis":"seed"},{"slug":"blue-doll-pumpkins","name":"Blue Doll Pumpkin","variety_type":"specialty","color":["blue"],"hybrid":true,"days_to_maturity":"100","dtm_basis":"seed"},{"slug":"casper-pumpkins","name":"Casper Pumpkin","variety_type":"white","color":["white"],"heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"90","dtm_basis":"seed"},{"slug":"cinderella-pumpkins","name":"Cinderella Pumpkin","variety_type":"pie_sugar","color":["orange"],"heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"110","dtm_basis":"seed"},{"slug":"connecticut-field-pumpkins","name":"Connecticut Field Pumpkin","variety_type":"jack_o_lantern","color":["orange"],"heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"100–110","dtm_basis":"seed"},{"slug":"fairytale-pumpkins","name":"Fairytale Pumpkin","variety_type":"pie_sugar","color":["orange"],"heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"110","dtm_basis":"seed"},{"slug":"howden-pumpkins","name":"Howden Pumpkin","variety_type":"jack_o_lantern","color":["orange"],"days_to_maturity":"105","dtm_basis":"seed"},{"slug":"jack-be-little-pumpkins","name":"Jack Be Little Pumpkin","variety_type":"mini","color":["orange"],"heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"90","dtm_basis":"seed"},{"slug":"jack-o-lantern-pumpkins","name":"Jack O'Lantern Pumpkin","variety_type":"jack_o_lantern","color":["orange"],"days_to_maturity":"100","dtm_basis":"seed"},{"slug":"jarrahdale-pumpkins","name":"Jarrahdale Pumpkin","variety_type":"specialty","color":["blue"],"heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"100","dtm_basis":"seed"},{"slug":"long-island-cheese-pumpkins","name":"Long Island Cheese Pumpkin","variety_type":"pie_sugar","color":["brown"],"heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"108","dtm_basis":"seed"},{"slug":"lumina-pumpkins","name":"Lumina Pumpkin","variety_type":"white","color":["white"],"days_to_maturity":"90","dtm_basis":"seed"},{"slug":"porcelain-doll-pumpkins","name":"Porcelain Doll Pumpkin","variety_type":"specialty","color":["pink"],"hybrid":true,"days_to_maturity":"110","dtm_basis":"seed"},{"slug":"small-sugar-pumpkins","name":"Small Sugar Pumpkin","variety_type":"pie_sugar","color":["orange"],"heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"95–100","dtm_basis":"seed"},{"slug":"sugar-pie-pumpkins","name":"Sugar Pie Pumpkin","variety_type":"pie_sugar","color":["orange"],"heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"90–115","dtm_basis":"seed"},{"slug":"warty-goblin-pumpkins","name":"Warty Goblin Pumpkin","variety_type":"ornamental","color":["orange"],"hybrid":true,"days_to_maturity":"105","dtm_basis":"seed"},{"slug":"winter-luxury-pumpkins","name":"Winter Luxury Pumpkin","variety_type":"pie_sugar","color":["orange"],"heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"105","dtm_basis":"seed"}]},{"slug":"quinoa","name":"Quinoa","display":"Quinoa","botanical":"Chenopodium quinoa","family":"Amaranthaceae","kind":"food_crop","category":"grain","lifecycle":"annual","variety_count":5,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"half_hardy","frost_kill_temp":{"v":"28 °F","min":28,"max":28,"unit":"°F","stg":"standing_crop","rdg":"threshold"},"fertility":"moderate","soil_ph":{"v":"6–7.5","min":6,"max":7.5,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["sandy_loam","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"3–12 in","min":3,"max":12,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"8–30 in","min":8,"max":30,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"0.25–1 in","min":0.25,"max":1,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"90–150 days","min":90,"max":150,"unit":"days","basis":"seed","by_basis":{"seed":{"v":"90–150 days","min":90,"max":150}}},"mature_height":{"v":"1.5–6.7 ft","min":18,"max":80,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"12–18 in","min":12,"max":18,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"3–5 gal","min":3,"max":5,"unit":"gal","rm":"min_to_recommended"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"start_indoors_weeks_before_last_frost":{"max":4,"min":3},"transplant_days_after_last_frost":{"max":14,"min":0},"direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost":{"max":0,"min":-14},"days_to_germination":{"max":5,"min":3}},"harvest_cues":["lower_leaf_yellowing","skin_set"],"propagation":["direct_sow","transplant"],"pests":["aphids","lygus_bugs","flea_beetles","wireworms","leafminers"],"diseases":["downy_mildew","damping_off","stalk_rot","leaf_spot","gray_mold","bacterial_blight"],"edible_parts":["seed"],"searched":["frost_damage_temp"],"searched_why":{"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"The publication that gives this crop its frost_kill_temp (AFCM, 28 F at a stated 70-80% loss) states ONLY that one figure and no separate onset-of-damage temperature, and no other source read in the 2026-08-05 sweep across twelve extension URL families supplies one. That is the normal shape outside the critical-temperature tables: a source names the point where the crop is lost and says nothing about the milder harm before it. Leaving this empty is correct — inventing a warmer number to pair with the kill figure would manufacture a safety margin no source measured, and the engine reads the pair as exactly that.","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":4,"orgs":["Missouri Botanical Garden","University of Wisconsin-Madison Corn Agronomy (Alternative Field Crops Manual, UW-Extension and Univ. of Minnesota)","Utah State University Extension","Washington State University Extension"]},"varieties":[]},{"slug":"radicchio","name":"Radicchio","display":"Radicchio","botanical":"Cichorium intybus","family":"Asteraceae","kind":"food_crop","category":"leafy_green","lifecycle":"biennial","variety_count":13,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"hardy","frost_damage_temp":{"v":"20 °F","min":20,"max":20,"unit":"°F","stg":"standing_crop","rdg":"tolerance_floor"},"fertility":"moderate","zones":{"v":"3–8","min":3,"max":8,"unit":"usda_zone"},"soil_ph":{"v":"6–6.8","min":6,"max":6.8,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"6–12 in","min":6,"max":12,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"12–18 in","min":12,"max":18,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"0.25–0.5 in","min":0.25,"max":0.5,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"30–55 days","min":30,"max":55,"unit":"days","basis":"transplant","by_basis":{"seed":{"v":"60–90 days","min":60,"max":90},"transplant":{"v":"30–55 days","min":30,"max":55}}},"mature_height":{"v":"6–10 in","min":6,"max":10,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"8–12 in","min":8,"max":12,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"1–2 gal","min":1,"max":2,"unit":"gal","rm":"min_to_recommended"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"start_indoors_weeks_before_last_frost":{"max":6,"min":5},"transplant_days_after_last_frost":0,"direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost":{"max":-21,"min":-28},"days_to_germination":{"max":14,"min":5}},"harvest_cues":["head_forming"],"propagation":["transplant","direct_sow"],"pests":["aphids","cabbage_looper","cutworms","slugs"],"diseases":["root_rot","lettuce_mosaic_virus"],"edible_parts":["leaf"],"searched":["frost_kill_temp"],"searched_why":{"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Utah State University Extension and University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources (Small Farms Network) states this crop's frost_damage_temp (20 F, standing_crop) and states NO separate temperature at which the plant is lost, and no other publication read in the 2026-08-05 sweep across twelve extension URL families supplies one. That is the normal shape outside the critical-temperature tables: those tables print a 10% and a 90% column together, which is where every paired record we hold comes from, and an ordinary crop page names one threshold or the other. LEAVING THIS EMPTY IS THE CORRECT OUTCOME, not a gap to fill later by inference. The two fields are read as a pair, so a guessed kill figure would manufacture a safety margin nobody measured — and the engine would print that margin to a gardener as if it were a fact. Where the crop is lost outright below the damage point, its frost_sensitivity class already says so and the alert already fires from it.","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":7,"orgs":["NC State Extension","Oregon State University Department of Horticulture (Oregon Vegetables)","UC ANR Small Farms Network","UC Master Gardener Program of Sonoma County (UC ANR)","University of Minnesota Extension","University of Wisconsin-Madison Division of Extension","Utah State University Extension"]},"varieties":[{"slug":"castelfranco-radicchio","name":"Castelfranco Radicchio","variety_type":"castelfranco","color":["bicolor"],"heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"65","dtm_basis":"seed"}]},{"slug":"radish","name":"Radishes","display":"Radish","botanical":"Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus","family":"Brassicaceae","kind":"food_crop","category":"root_vegetable","lifecycle":"annual","variety_count":50,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"hardy","fertility":"low","soil_ph":{"v":"6–7","min":6,"max":7,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["sandy","sandy_loam","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"1–3 in","min":1,"max":3,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"10–12 in","min":10,"max":12,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"0.25–0.5 in","min":0.25,"max":0.5,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"21–45 days","min":21,"max":45,"unit":"days","basis":"seed","by_basis":{"seed":{"v":"21–45 days","min":21,"max":45}}},"mature_height":{"v":"0.5–3 ft","min":6,"max":36,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"1–2 ft","min":12,"max":24,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"1 pint","min":0.125,"max":0.125,"unit":"gal"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost":{"max":-14,"min":-21},"fall_sow_calendar":[{"curation_status":"source_verified","from":"08-01","not_recommended":false,"place":"South Carolina — Piedmont","to":"09-15"},{"curation_status":"source_verified","from":"08-01","not_recommended":false,"place":"South Carolina — Coastal Plain","to":"09-30"}],"days_to_germination":{"max":10,"min":5}},"harvest_cues":["root_shoulder_visible"],"propagation":["direct_sow"],"pests":["flea_beetles","aphids","cabbage_maggot","cabbage_looper","diamondback_moth","cutworms","wireworms"],"diseases":["alternaria","black_rot","clubroot"],"edible_parts":["root","leaf"],"human_toxicity":["mild_skin_irritation"],"searched":["frost_damage_temp","frost_kill_temp"],"searched_why":{"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"Read the NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox entry for this species in full (https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/raphanus-raphanistrum-subsp-sativus/) and it states no cold-damage or cold-kill temperature — like every toolbox entry it gives a USDA hardiness ZONE range instead, which we already hold as hardiness_zone_min and hardiness_zone_max. That follows eleven other extension URL families swept for this crop on the same day (Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA, Missouri Botanical) which returned no page for it or no figure on the page. Across 150-plus verified-genuine pages the whole sweep produced two usable figures, and that IS the finding: extension publishes a hardiness class or zone for ordinary garden plants and reserves per-crop temperatures for critical-temperature tables — tree fruit at bloom, berries at bloom, citrus in winter, a few chilling-sensitive tropicals. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the frost alert already runs on it. Every page here was verified to be about this plant before being read, after this sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md).","searched":"2026-08-05"},"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Read the NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox entry for this species in full (https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/raphanus-raphanistrum-subsp-sativus/) and it states no cold-damage or cold-kill temperature — like every toolbox entry it gives a USDA hardiness ZONE range instead, which we already hold as hardiness_zone_min and hardiness_zone_max. That follows eleven other extension URL families swept for this crop on the same day (Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA, Missouri Botanical) which returned no page for it or no figure on the page. Across 150-plus verified-genuine pages the whole sweep produced two usable figures, and that IS the finding: extension publishes a hardiness class or zone for ordinary garden plants and reserves per-crop temperatures for critical-temperature tables — tree fruit at bloom, berries at bloom, citrus in winter, a few chilling-sensitive tropicals. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the frost alert already runs on it. Every page here was verified to be about this plant before being read, after this sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md).","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":9,"orgs":["Clemson Cooperative Extension, Home & Garden Information Center","NC State Extension","University of Florida IFAS Extension","University of Maryland Extension","University of Minnesota Extension","Utah State University Extension","West Virginia University Extension"]},"varieties":[{"slug":"cherry-belle-radish","name":"Cherry Belle Radish","variety_type":"round_red","color":["red"],"heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"21","dtm_basis":"seed"},{"slug":"easter-egg-radish","name":"Easter Egg Radish","variety_type":"easter_egg","color":["red","white","pink","purple","bicolor"],"days_to_maturity":"30","dtm_basis":"seed"},{"slug":"french-breakfast-radish","name":"French Breakfast Radish","variety_type":"french_breakfast","color":["bicolor"],"heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"21","dtm_basis":"seed"},{"slug":"watermelon-radish","name":"Watermelon Radish","variety_type":"watermelon","color":["green","pink"],"heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"60–65","dtm_basis":"seed"},{"slug":"white-icicle-radish","name":"White Icicle Radish","variety_type":"icicle","color":["white"],"heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"27–30","dtm_basis":"seed"}]},{"slug":"raspberry","name":"Red Raspberry","display":"Red Raspberry","botanical":"Rubus idaeus","family":"Rosaceae","kind":"berry","category":"fruit","lifecycle":"perennial","variety_count":35,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"hardy","frost_damage_temp":{"v":"30–32 °F","min":30,"max":32,"unit":"°F","stg":"bloom","rdg":"threshold"},"fertility":"moderate","zones":{"v":"4–8","min":4,"max":8,"unit":"usda_zone"},"soil_ph":{"v":"5.5–6.5","min":5.5,"max":6.5,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["sandy_loam","loam","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"24–36 in","min":24,"max":36,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"96–120 in","min":96,"max":120,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"1–2 in","min":1,"max":2,"unit":"in"},"years_to_harvest":{"v":"0–2 yr","min":0,"max":2,"unit":"yr"},"chill_hours":{"v":"200–900 hrs","min":200,"max":900,"unit":"hrs"},"pollination":"self_fertile","mature_height":{"v":"4–8 ft","min":48,"max":96,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"12–18 in","min":12,"max":18,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"20–30 gal","min":20,"max":30,"unit":"gal","cv":"Two extension services disagree and we use the larger. Oregon State says 20–30 gallons and at least two feet deep; Maryland says a 16-inch pot, about 10 gallons. Maryland's own page adds that bigger containers protect the roots from winter cold — which is why we take the bigger number.","rm":"min_to_recommended"},"needs_support":true,"timing":{"transplant_days_after_last_frost":{"max":14,"min":-28}},"harvest_cues":["fruit_coloring"],"propagation":["transplant","division","cutting"],"pests":["spotted_wing_drosophila","aphids","spider_mites","japanese_beetle","cane_borers","tarnished_plant_bug","root_weevils","leafrollers","sap_beetles"],"diseases":["phytophthora_root_rot","gray_mold","anthracnose","verticillium_wilt","cane_blight","spur_blight","leaf_spot"],"edible_parts":["fruit"],"searched":["frost_kill_temp"],"searched_why":{"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Penn State Extension states this crop's frost_damage_temp (30-32 F, bloom) and states NO separate temperature at which the plant is lost, and no other publication read in the 2026-08-05 sweep across twelve extension URL families supplies one. That is the normal shape outside the critical-temperature tables: those tables print a 10% and a 90% column together, which is where every paired record we hold comes from, and an ordinary crop page names one threshold or the other. LEAVING THIS EMPTY IS THE CORRECT OUTCOME, not a gap to fill later by inference. The two fields are read as a pair, so a guessed kill figure would manufacture a safety margin nobody measured — and the engine would print that margin to a gardener as if it were a fact. Where the crop is lost outright below the damage point, its frost_sensitivity class already says so and the alert already fires from it.","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":7,"orgs":["Cornell Cooperative Extension of Suffolk County","NC State Extension","Oregon State University Extension Service","Penn State Extension","University of Maryland Extension","University of Minnesota Extension","University of Missouri Extension"]},"varieties":[{"slug":"boyne-raspberry","name":"Boyne Raspberry","size":"medium"},{"slug":"caroline-raspberry","name":"Caroline Raspberry","color":["red"],"size":"large"},{"slug":"fall-gold-raspberry","name":"Fall Gold Raspberry","color":["yellow"],"size":"large"},{"slug":"heritage-raspberry","name":"Heritage Raspberry","variety_type":"everbearing","color":["red"]},{"slug":"joan-j-raspberry","name":"Joan J Raspberry","color":["red"]},{"slug":"latham-raspberry","name":"Latham Raspberry","variety_type":"summer_bearing","color":["red"],"heirloom":true}]},{"slug":"rhubarb","name":"Rhubarb","display":"Rhubarb","botanical":"Rheum rhabarbarum","family":"Polygonaceae","kind":"food_crop","category":"stem_vegetable","lifecycle":"perennial","variety_count":17,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"hardy","frost_damage_temp":{"v":"28 °F","min":28,"max":28,"unit":"°F","stg":"spring_growth","rdg":"tolerance_floor"},"fertility":"heavy","zones":{"v":"4–7","min":4,"max":7,"unit":"usda_zone"},"soil_ph":{"v":"6–7","min":6,"max":7,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["loam","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"36 in","min":36,"max":36,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"48 in","min":48,"max":48,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"1–2 in","min":1,"max":2,"unit":"in"},"years_to_harvest":{"v":"2–3 yr","min":2,"max":3,"unit":"yr"},"mature_height":{"v":"2–4 ft","min":24,"max":48,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"3–4 ft","min":36,"max":48,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"15–25 gal","min":15,"max":25,"unit":"gal","rm":"min_to_recommended"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"start_indoors_weeks_before_last_frost":6,"transplant_days_after_last_frost":{"max":14,"min":-14},"days_to_germination":{"max":21,"min":14}},"harvest_cues":["stem_reached_harvest_size"],"propagation":["division","seed"],"pests":["rhubarb_curculio","stalk_borer","slugs"],"diseases":["crown_rot","leaf_spot","root_rot"],"edible_parts":["petiole"],"human_toxicity":["oxalic_acid","toxic_leaves"],"pet_toxicity":["toxic_to_dogs","toxic_to_cats","toxic_to_horses"],"searched":["frost_kill_temp"],"searched_why":{"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Iowa State University Extension and Outreach states this crop's frost_damage_temp (28 F, spring_growth) and states NO separate temperature at which the plant is lost, and no other publication read in the 2026-08-05 sweep across twelve extension URL families supplies one. That is the normal shape outside the critical-temperature tables: those tables print a 10% and a 90% column together, which is where every paired record we hold comes from, and an ordinary crop page names one threshold or the other. LEAVING THIS EMPTY IS THE CORRECT OUTCOME, not a gap to fill later by inference. The two fields are read as a pair, so a guessed kill figure would manufacture a safety margin nobody measured — and the engine would print that margin to a gardener as if it were a fact. Where the crop is lost outright below the damage point, its frost_sensitivity class already says so and the alert already fires from it.","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":8,"orgs":["ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center","Iowa State University Extension and Outreach","NC State Extension","Ohio State University Extension","Penn State Extension","University of Minnesota Extension","University of Wisconsin-Madison Division of Extension","Utah State University Extension"]},"varieties":[{"slug":"strawberry-rhubarb","name":"Strawberry Rhubarb","color":["red"],"heirloom":true},{"slug":"victoria-rhubarb","name":"Victoria Rhubarb","color":["green","red"],"heirloom":true}]},{"slug":"rosemary","name":"Rosemary","display":"Rosemary","botanical":"Salvia rosmarinus (syn. Rosmarinus officinalis)","family":"Lamiaceae","kind":"herb","category":"herb","lifecycle":"perennial","variety_count":21,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"low","frost_sensitivity":"tender","frost_kill_temp":{"v":"5 °F","min":5,"max":5,"unit":"°F","stg":"dormant_top_growth","rdg":"tolerance_floor"},"fertility":"low","zones":{"v":"8–10","min":8,"max":10,"unit":"usda_zone","cv":"This is where rosemary lives through winter outdoors, not where it will grow. Colder than this it is grown as an annual, or in a pot that comes inside — which is how most of the country grows it."},"soil_ph":{"v":"6.5–7","min":6.5,"max":7,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["sandy","loam","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"24 in","min":24,"max":24,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"24–36 in","min":24,"max":36,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"0–0.25 in","min":0,"max":0.25,"unit":"in"},"mature_height":{"v":"2–6 ft","min":24,"max":72,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"3–4 ft","min":36,"max":48,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"5–6 gal","min":5,"max":6,"unit":"gal","rm":"min_to_recommended"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"days_to_germination":{"max":21,"min":14}},"harvest_cues":["rapid_leaf_growth"],"propagation":["cutting","seed","division","layering"],"pests":["aphids","spider_mites","mealybugs","whiteflies","thrips","scale"],"diseases":["root_rot","powdery_mildew","gray_mold"],"edible_parts":["leaf"],"pet_toxicity":["non_toxic_to_dogs","non_toxic_to_cats","non_toxic_to_horses"],"searched":["frost_damage_temp"],"searched_why":{"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"Read the NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox entry for this species in full (https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/salvia-rosmarinus/) and it states no cold-damage or cold-kill temperature — like every toolbox entry it gives a USDA hardiness ZONE range instead, which we already hold as hardiness_zone_min and hardiness_zone_max. That follows eleven other extension URL families swept for this crop on the same day (Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA, Missouri Botanical) which returned no page for it or no figure on the page. Across 150-plus verified-genuine pages the whole sweep produced two usable figures, and that IS the finding: extension publishes a hardiness class or zone for ordinary garden plants and reserves per-crop temperatures for critical-temperature tables — tree fruit at bloom, berries at bloom, citrus in winter, a few chilling-sensitive tropicals. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the frost alert already runs on it. Every page here was verified to be about this plant before being read, after this sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md).","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":8,"orgs":["ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center","NC State Extension","Penn State Extension","University of Illinois Extension","University of Maryland Extension","University of Wisconsin-Madison Division of Extension"]},"varieties":[{"slug":"arp-rosemary","name":"Arp Rosemary","color":["blue"]},{"slug":"tuscan-blue-rosemary","name":"Tuscan Blue Rosemary","color":["blue"]}]},{"slug":"runner-bean","name":"Runner bean (scarlet runner bean)","display":"Runner bean","botanical":"Phaseolus coccineus","family":"Fabaceae","kind":"food_crop","category":"legume","lifecycle":"tender_perennial","variety_count":8,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"tender","growth_habit":["vining"],"fertility":"low","zones":{"v":"7–11","min":7,"max":11,"unit":"usda_zone"},"soil_ph":{"v":"6–7","min":6,"max":7,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["loam","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"4–8 in","min":4,"max":8,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"24–48 in","min":24,"max":48,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"2–3 in","min":2,"max":3,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"60–75 days","min":60,"max":75,"unit":"days","basis":"seed","by_basis":{"seed":{"v":"60–75 days","min":60,"max":75}}},"mature_height":{"v":"6–15 ft","min":72,"max":180,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"3–5 ft","min":36,"max":60,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"5–10 gal","min":5,"max":10,"unit":"gal","rm":"min_to_recommended"},"needs_support":true,"timing":{"start_indoors_weeks_before_last_frost":{"max":4,"min":2},"transplant_days_after_last_frost":{"max":14,"min":0},"direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost":{"max":14,"min":0},"days_to_germination":{"max":14,"min":7}},"harvest_cues":["pods_tender_snap_stage"],"propagation":["direct_sow","tubers"],"pests":["bean_beetles","rabbits","slugs"],"diseases":["bacterial_blight","powdery_mildew","white_mold"],"edible_parts":["fruit","seed","flower"],"human_toxicity":["toxic_raw_seeds"],"searched":["frost_damage_temp","frost_kill_temp"],"searched_why":{"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"Read the NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox entry for this species in full (https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/phaseolus-coccineus/) and it states no cold-damage or cold-kill temperature — like every toolbox entry it gives a USDA hardiness ZONE range instead, which we already hold as hardiness_zone_min and hardiness_zone_max. That follows eleven other extension URL families swept for this crop on the same day (Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA, Missouri Botanical) which returned no page for it or no figure on the page. Across 150-plus verified-genuine pages the whole sweep produced two usable figures, and that IS the finding: extension publishes a hardiness class or zone for ordinary garden plants and reserves per-crop temperatures for critical-temperature tables — tree fruit at bloom, berries at bloom, citrus in winter, a few chilling-sensitive tropicals. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the frost alert already runs on it. Every page here was verified to be about this plant before being read, after this sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md).","searched":"2026-08-05"},"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Read the NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox entry for this species in full (https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/phaseolus-coccineus/) and it states no cold-damage or cold-kill temperature — like every toolbox entry it gives a USDA hardiness ZONE range instead, which we already hold as hardiness_zone_min and hardiness_zone_max. That follows eleven other extension URL families swept for this crop on the same day (Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA, Missouri Botanical) which returned no page for it or no figure on the page. Across 150-plus verified-genuine pages the whole sweep produced two usable figures, and that IS the finding: extension publishes a hardiness class or zone for ordinary garden plants and reserves per-crop temperatures for critical-temperature tables — tree fruit at bloom, berries at bloom, citrus in winter, a few chilling-sensitive tropicals. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the frost alert already runs on it. Every page here was verified to be about this plant before being read, after this sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md).","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":4,"orgs":["Missouri Botanical Garden","NC State Extension","University of Illinois Extension","University of Wisconsin-Madison Division of Extension (Wisconsin Horticulture)"]},"varieties":[{"slug":"scarlet-runner-runner-bean","name":"Scarlet Runner Bean","variety_type":"ornamental_edible","color":["red"],"heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"70","dtm_basis":"seed"}]},{"slug":"rutabaga","name":"Rutabaga (swede)","display":"Rutabaga","botanical":"Brassica napus (Napobrassica group)","family":"Brassicaceae","kind":"food_crop","category":"root_vegetable","lifecycle":"biennial","variety_count":7,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"hardy","fertility":"moderate","zones":{"v":"2–11","min":2,"max":11,"unit":"usda_zone"},"soil_ph":{"v":"6–6.5","min":6,"max":6.5,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["sandy","loam","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"4–8 in","min":4,"max":8,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"18–24 in","min":18,"max":24,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"0.25–0.5 in","min":0.25,"max":0.5,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"90–100 days","min":90,"max":100,"unit":"days","basis":"seed","by_basis":{"seed":{"v":"90–100 days","min":90,"max":100}}},"mature_height":{"v":"1–2 ft","min":12,"max":24,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"8–12 in","min":8,"max":12,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"3–5 gal","min":3,"max":5,"unit":"gal","rm":"min_to_recommended"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost":{"max":-28,"min":-42},"fall_sow_calendar":[{"curation_status":"source_verified","from":"07-15","not_recommended":false,"place":"South Carolina — Piedmont","to":"09-30"},{"curation_status":"source_verified","from":"08-15","not_recommended":false,"place":"South Carolina — Coastal Plain","to":"10-15"}],"days_to_germination":{"max":10,"min":7}},"harvest_cues":["root_shoulder_visible"],"propagation":["direct_sow"],"pests":["flea_beetles","aphids","cabbage_maggot","imported_cabbageworm","cabbage_looper","cutworms","slugs"],"diseases":["clubroot","alternaria_leaf_spot","black_rot"],"edible_parts":["root","leaf"],"searched":["frost_damage_temp","frost_kill_temp"],"searched_why":{"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"Read https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/brassica-napus-napobrassica-group/ in full — the page was found by name search after eleven URL-pattern families failed to reach this crop — and it states no cold-damage or cold-kill temperature. It describes cold behavior qualitatively (\"tolerates light frost\", a USDA zone range) which is the hardiness CLASS we already hold as frost_sensitivity and which the frost alert already runs on. Across 150-plus verified-genuine extension pages this sweep produced two usable figures, and that is the finding: per-crop frost temperatures exist where somebody built a critical-temperature table — tree fruit at bloom, berries at bloom, citrus in winter, a few chilling-sensitive tropicals — and nowhere else. Page verified to be about this plant before reading (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md).","searched":"2026-08-05"},"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Read https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/brassica-napus-napobrassica-group/ in full — the page was found by name search after eleven URL-pattern families failed to reach this crop — and it states no cold-damage or cold-kill temperature. It describes cold behavior qualitatively (\"tolerates light frost\", a USDA zone range) which is the hardiness CLASS we already hold as frost_sensitivity and which the frost alert already runs on. Across 150-plus verified-genuine extension pages this sweep produced two usable figures, and that is the finding: per-crop frost temperatures exist where somebody built a critical-temperature table — tree fruit at bloom, berries at bloom, citrus in winter, a few chilling-sensitive tropicals — and nowhere else. Page verified to be about this plant before reading (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md).","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":7,"orgs":["Clemson Cooperative Extension, Home & Garden Information Center","Johnny's Selected Seeds","Missouri Botanical Garden","NC State Extension","University of Minnesota Extension","Utah State University Extension"]},"varieties":[]},{"slug":"sage","name":"Sage (garden/common sage)","display":"Sage","botanical":"Salvia officinalis","family":"Lamiaceae","kind":"herb","category":"herb","lifecycle":"perennial","variety_count":13,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"low","frost_sensitivity":"hardy","fertility":"low","zones":{"v":"4–8","min":4,"max":8,"unit":"usda_zone"},"soil_ph":{"v":"6–8","min":6,"max":8,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"18–30 in","min":18,"max":30,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"24–36 in","min":24,"max":36,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"0.25 in","min":0.25,"max":0.25,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"75 days","min":75,"max":75,"unit":"days","basis":"transplant","by_basis":{"transplant":{"v":"75 days","min":75,"max":75}}},"years_to_harvest":{"v":"0–2 yr","min":0,"max":2,"unit":"yr"},"mature_height":{"v":"1–3 ft","min":12,"max":36,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"2–3 ft","min":24,"max":36,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"5 gal","min":5,"max":5,"unit":"gal"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"start_indoors_weeks_before_last_frost":{"max":8,"min":6},"transplant_days_after_last_frost":{"max":14,"min":0},"direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost":{"max":14,"min":0},"days_to_germination":{"max":21,"min":7}},"harvest_cues":["flower_buds"],"propagation":["transplant","direct_sow","cutting","layering","division"],"pests":["leafhoppers","slugs","spider_mites","spittlebugs"],"diseases":["root_rot","powdery_mildew","verticillium_wilt","southern_blight"],"edible_parts":["leaf"],"pet_toxicity":["non_toxic_to_dogs","non_toxic_to_cats","non_toxic_to_horses"],"searched":["frost_damage_temp","frost_kill_temp"],"searched_why":{"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"Read the NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox entry for this species in full (https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/salvia-officinalis/) and it states no cold-damage or cold-kill temperature — like every toolbox entry it gives a USDA hardiness ZONE range instead, which we already hold as hardiness_zone_min and hardiness_zone_max. That follows eleven other extension URL families swept for this crop on the same day (Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA, Missouri Botanical) which returned no page for it or no figure on the page. Across 150-plus verified-genuine pages the whole sweep produced two usable figures, and that IS the finding: extension publishes a hardiness class or zone for ordinary garden plants and reserves per-crop temperatures for critical-temperature tables — tree fruit at bloom, berries at bloom, citrus in winter, a few chilling-sensitive tropicals. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the frost alert already runs on it. Every page here was verified to be about this plant before being read, after this sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md).","searched":"2026-08-05"},"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Read the NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox entry for this species in full (https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/salvia-officinalis/) and it states no cold-damage or cold-kill temperature — like every toolbox entry it gives a USDA hardiness ZONE range instead, which we already hold as hardiness_zone_min and hardiness_zone_max. That follows eleven other extension URL families swept for this crop on the same day (Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA, Missouri Botanical) which returned no page for it or no figure on the page. Across 150-plus verified-genuine pages the whole sweep produced two usable figures, and that IS the finding: extension publishes a hardiness class or zone for ordinary garden plants and reserves per-crop temperatures for critical-temperature tables — tree fruit at bloom, berries at bloom, citrus in winter, a few chilling-sensitive tropicals. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the frost alert already runs on it. Every page here was verified to be about this plant before being read, after this sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md).","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":11,"orgs":["ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center","Clemson Cooperative Extension HGIC","Johnny's Selected Seeds","NC State Extension (North Carolina State University)","Penn State Extension","University of Illinois Extension","University of Maryland Extension","University of Missouri Extension","University of Wisconsin-Madison Division of Extension"]},"varieties":[{"slug":"berggarten-sage","name":"Berggarten Sage","variety_type":"culinary","days_to_maturity":"75","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"clary-sage","name":"Clary Sage","variety_type":"specialty","color":["white","red","purple"],"days_to_maturity":"75","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"common-sage","name":"Common Sage","variety_type":"culinary","days_to_maturity":"75","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"pineapple-sage","name":"Pineapple Sage","variety_type":"specialty","color":["red"],"days_to_maturity":"75","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"tricolor-sage","name":"Tricolor Sage","variety_type":"variegated","color":["green","white","red"],"days_to_maturity":"75","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"white-sage","name":"White Sage","variety_type":"specialty","color":["white"],"days_to_maturity":"75","dtm_basis":"transplant"}]},{"slug":"salvia","name":"Salvia (scarlet sage / bedding salvia)","display":"Salvia","botanical":"Salvia splendens","family":"Lamiaceae","kind":"ornamental","category":"flower","lifecycle":"tender_perennial","variety_count":23,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"tender","growth_habit":["upright"],"fertility":"heavy","zones":{"v":"10–11","min":10,"max":11,"unit":"usda_zone"},"soil_ph":{"v":"6–7","min":6,"max":7,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["loam","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"12–36 in","min":12,"max":36,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"12–24 in","min":12,"max":24,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"0–0.0625 in","min":0,"max":0.0625,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"45–60 days","min":45,"max":60,"unit":"days","basis":"transplant","by_basis":{"seed":{"v":"85–100 days","min":85,"max":100},"transplant":{"v":"45–60 days","min":45,"max":60}}},"mature_height":{"v":"0.7–3 ft","min":8,"max":36,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"8–18 in","min":8,"max":18,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"1–2 gal","min":1,"max":2,"unit":"gal","rm":"min_to_recommended"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"start_indoors_weeks_before_last_frost":{"max":9,"min":6},"transplant_days_after_last_frost":{"max":14,"min":0},"direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost":{"max":14,"min":0},"days_to_germination":{"max":15,"min":7}},"harvest_cues":["first_flowers"],"propagation":["transplant","cutting"],"pests":["aphids","whiteflies","spider_mites"],"diseases":["powdery_mildew","southern_blight","southern_bacterial_wilt"],"searched":["edible_parts","frost_damage_temp","frost_kill_temp"],"searched_why":{"edible_parts":{"note":"No source we read gives one: \"ornamental — no fetched source states an edible part or a positive human-toxicity classification; OMITTED, not inferred.\" Salvia splendens is the bedding salvia, not culinary sage (S. officinalis), which the record keeps separate on purpose — the same same-genus discipline that keeps marjoram off oregano's data. And the page is NOT silent on the thing that matters here: no toxicity is recorded in either direction, and the record says so deliberately rather than inferring safety from an absent classification.","searched":"2026-08-11"},"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"Swept ten extension URL families for this crop on 2026-08-05 — Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA and Missouri Botanical Garden — and read in full every page that genuinely covers it. None states a temperature at which the plant takes cold damage or dies. Every page was verified to be about this crop before being read, after the same sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" page with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md). Across 100-plus pages the sweep produced two usable figures, which is the finding: extension publishes a hardiness CLASS for ordinary garden crops, not a per-crop temperature. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the alert engine already uses it.","searched":"2026-08-05"},"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Swept ten extension URL families for this crop on 2026-08-05 — Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA and Missouri Botanical Garden — and read in full every page that genuinely covers it. None states a temperature at which the plant takes cold damage or dies. Every page was verified to be about this crop before being read, after the same sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" page with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md). Across 100-plus pages the sweep produced two usable figures, which is the finding: extension publishes a hardiness CLASS for ordinary garden crops, not a per-crop temperature. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the alert engine already uses it.","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":5,"orgs":["Clemson Cooperative Extension","Missouri Botanical Garden","NC State Extension","University of Illinois Extension","University of Minnesota Extension"]},"varieties":[]},{"slug":"scallion","name":"Scallion (green onion / bunching onion)","display":"Scallion","botanical":"Allium fistulosum","family":"Amaryllidaceae","kind":"food_crop","category":"bulb_vegetable","lifecycle":"perennial","variety_count":17,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"very_hardy","fertility":"moderate","zones":{"v":"6–9","min":6,"max":9,"unit":"usda_zone","cv":"This is where scallions overwinter as a perennial clump. Colder than zone 6 they are grown as an annual, sown each season, which is the usual way in any case."},"soil_ph":{"v":"6.2–6.8","min":6.2,"max":6.8,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["sandy_loam","loam","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"1–3 in","min":1,"max":3,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"12–18 in","min":12,"max":18,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"0.25–0.5 in","min":0.25,"max":0.5,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"45–65 days","min":45,"max":65,"unit":"days","basis":"transplant","by_basis":{"seed":{"v":"50–80 days","min":50,"max":80},"transplant":{"v":"45–65 days","min":45,"max":65}}},"mature_height":{"v":"1–3 ft","min":12,"max":36,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"6–12 in","min":6,"max":12,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"1–3 gal","min":1,"max":3,"unit":"gal","rm":"min_to_recommended"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"start_indoors_weeks_before_last_frost":4,"transplant_days_after_last_frost":{"max":7,"min":-14},"direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost":{"max":0,"min":-28},"days_to_germination":{"max":16,"min":6}},"harvest_cues":["rapid_leaf_growth"],"propagation":["direct_sow","transplant","sets"],"pests":["onion_maggot"],"diseases":["fusarium_basal_rot","neck_rot","bacterial_soft_rot"],"edible_parts":["leaf","stem"],"searched":["frost_damage_temp","frost_kill_temp"],"searched_why":{"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"Read the NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox entry for this species in full (https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/allium/) and it states no cold-damage or cold-kill temperature — like every toolbox entry it gives a USDA hardiness ZONE range instead, which we already hold as hardiness_zone_min and hardiness_zone_max. That follows eleven other extension URL families swept for this crop on the same day (Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA, Missouri Botanical) which returned no page for it or no figure on the page. Across 150-plus verified-genuine pages the whole sweep produced two usable figures, and that IS the finding: extension publishes a hardiness class or zone for ordinary garden plants and reserves per-crop temperatures for critical-temperature tables — tree fruit at bloom, berries at bloom, citrus in winter, a few chilling-sensitive tropicals. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the frost alert already runs on it. Every page here was verified to be about this plant before being read, after this sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md).","searched":"2026-08-05"},"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Read the NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox entry for this species in full (https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/allium/) and it states no cold-damage or cold-kill temperature — like every toolbox entry it gives a USDA hardiness ZONE range instead, which we already hold as hardiness_zone_min and hardiness_zone_max. That follows eleven other extension URL families swept for this crop on the same day (Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA, Missouri Botanical) which returned no page for it or no figure on the page. Across 150-plus verified-genuine pages the whole sweep produced two usable figures, and that IS the finding: extension publishes a hardiness class or zone for ordinary garden plants and reserves per-crop temperatures for critical-temperature tables — tree fruit at bloom, berries at bloom, citrus in winter, a few chilling-sensitive tropicals. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the frost alert already runs on it. Every page here was verified to be about this plant before being read, after this sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md).","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":8,"orgs":["Clemson Cooperative Extension, Home & Garden Information Center","Iowa State University Extension and Outreach","Johnny's Selected Seeds","Missouri Botanical Garden","Sow True Seed","UC Master Gardeners of Santa Clara County (UC ANR)","University of Minnesota Extension","Utah State University Extension"]},"varieties":[]},{"slug":"sesame","name":"Sesame (benne)","display":"Sesame","botanical":"Sesamum indicum","family":"Pedaliaceae","kind":"food_crop","category":"oilseed","lifecycle":"annual","variety_count":3,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"low","frost_sensitivity":"tender","frost_kill_temp":{"v":"33–35 °F","min":33,"max":35,"unit":"°F","stg":"chilling","rdg":"threshold"},"fertility":"low","soil_ph":{"v":"5.5–7","min":5.5,"max":7,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["loam","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"2–6 in","min":2,"max":6,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"15–30 in","min":15,"max":30,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"0.5–1.5 in","min":0.5,"max":1.5,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"90–110 days","min":90,"max":110,"unit":"days","basis":"seed","by_basis":{"seed":{"v":"90–110 days","min":90,"max":110}}},"mature_height":{"v":"2–8 ft","min":24,"max":96,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"12–18 in","min":12,"max":18,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"3–7 gal","min":3,"max":7,"unit":"gal","rm":"min_to_recommended"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost":{"max":28,"min":14},"days_to_germination":{"max":5,"min":3}},"harvest_cues":["lower_leaf_yellowing"],"propagation":["direct_sow"],"pests":["aphids","stink_bugs","corn_earworm","thrips","grasshoppers","cutworms","whiteflies"],"diseases":["alternaria_leaf_spot","cercospora_leaf_spot","bacterial_leaf_spot","fusarium_wilt","verticillium_wilt","root_rot"],"edible_parts":["seed"],"searched":["frost_damage_temp"],"searched_why":{"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"The publication that gives this crop its frost_kill_temp (TAMU San Angelo, leaves killed slightly above freezing, recorded 33-35 F) states ONLY that one figure and no separate onset-of-damage temperature, and no other source read in the 2026-08-05 sweep across twelve extension URL families supplies one. That is the normal shape outside the critical-temperature tables: a source names the point where the crop is lost and says nothing about the milder harm before it. Leaving this empty is correct — inventing a warmer number to pair with the kill figure would manufacture a safety margin no source measured, and the engine reads the pair as exactly that.","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":4,"orgs":["NC State Extension","NC State Extension, Craven County","Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center at San Angelo","University of Florida IFAS Extension"]},"varieties":[{"slug":"black-sesame","name":"Black Sesame","color":["black"],"heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"85","dtm_basis":"seed"}]},{"slug":"shallot","name":"Shallot","display":"Shallot","botanical":"Allium cepa (Aggregatum group)","family":"Amaryllidaceae","kind":"food_crop","category":"bulb_vegetable","lifecycle":"biennial","variety_count":13,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"hardy","fertility":"heavy","zones":{"v":"5–10","min":5,"max":10,"unit":"usda_zone"},"soil_ph":{"v":"5.5–7.5","min":5.5,"max":7.5,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["loam","sandy","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"3–6 in","min":3,"max":6,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"12–18 in","min":12,"max":18,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"1–2 in","min":1,"max":2,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"85–110 days","min":85,"max":110,"unit":"days","basis":"transplant","by_basis":{"seed":{"v":"100–120 days","min":100,"max":120},"transplant":{"v":"85–110 days","min":85,"max":110}}},"mature_height":{"v":"12–18 in","min":12,"max":18,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"6–12 in","min":6,"max":12,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"1–2 gal","min":1,"max":2,"unit":"gal","rm":"min_to_recommended"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"start_indoors_weeks_before_last_frost":{"max":10,"min":8},"transplant_days_after_last_frost":{"max":-7,"min":-28},"direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost":{"max":-14,"min":-28},"days_to_germination":{"max":14,"min":10}},"harvest_cues":["tops_falling_over","skin_set"],"propagation":["sets","direct_sow","transplant"],"pests":["aphids","onion_maggot","thrips","bulb_mites"],"diseases":["gray_mold","downy_mildew","bulb_rot","bacterial_soft_rot"],"edible_parts":["bulb","leaf"],"human_toxicity":["hemolytic_anemia"],"pet_toxicity":["toxic_to_dogs","toxic_to_cats","toxic_to_horses"],"searched":["frost_damage_temp","frost_kill_temp"],"searched_why":{"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"Swept ten extension URL families for this crop on 2026-08-05 — Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA and Missouri Botanical Garden — and read in full every page that genuinely covers it. None states a temperature at which the plant takes cold damage or dies. Every page was verified to be about this crop before being read, after the same sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" page with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md). Across 100-plus pages the sweep produced two usable figures, which is the finding: extension publishes a hardiness CLASS for ordinary garden crops, not a per-crop temperature. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the alert engine already uses it.","searched":"2026-08-05"},"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Swept ten extension URL families for this crop on 2026-08-05 — Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA and Missouri Botanical Garden — and read in full every page that genuinely covers it. None states a temperature at which the plant takes cold damage or dies. Every page was verified to be about this crop before being read, after the same sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" page with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md). Across 100-plus pages the sweep produced two usable figures, which is the finding: extension publishes a hardiness CLASS for ordinary garden crops, not a per-crop temperature. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the alert engine already uses it.","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":5,"orgs":["Clemson Cooperative Extension, Home & Garden Information Center","Johnny's Selected Seeds","NC State Extension","University of Maryland Extension","Utah State University Extension"]},"varieties":[]},{"slug":"shiso","name":"Shiso","display":"Shiso","botanical":"Perilla frutescens","family":"Lamiaceae","kind":"herb","category":"herb","lifecycle":"annual","variety_count":4,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"tender","fertility":"moderate","zones":{"v":"10–11","min":10,"max":11,"unit":"usda_zone"},"soil_ph":{"v":"5.5–6.5","min":5.5,"max":6.5,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["loam","sandy_loam","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"6–12 in","min":6,"max":12,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"18 in","min":18,"max":18,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"Surface — do not cover","min":0,"max":0,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"40–60 days","min":40,"max":60,"unit":"days","basis":"transplant","by_basis":{"seed":{"v":"70–90 days","min":70,"max":90},"transplant":{"v":"40–60 days","min":40,"max":60}}},"mature_height":{"v":"1–3 ft","min":12,"max":36,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"12–18 in","min":12,"max":18,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"1–2 gal","min":1,"max":2,"unit":"gal","rm":"min_to_recommended"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"start_indoors_weeks_before_last_frost":{"max":12,"min":8},"transplant_days_after_last_frost":{"max":14,"min":0},"direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost":{"max":14,"min":0},"days_to_germination":{"max":21,"min":7}},"harvest_cues":["rapid_leaf_growth"],"propagation":["direct_sow","transplant","cutting"],"pests":["aphids","spider_mites","whiteflies"],"diseases":["downy_mildew","leaf_spot","root_rot"],"edible_parts":["leaf","seed"],"searched":["frost_damage_temp","frost_kill_temp"],"searched_why":{"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"Read the NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox entry for this species in full (https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/perilla-frutescens/) and it states no cold-damage or cold-kill temperature — like every toolbox entry it gives a USDA hardiness ZONE range instead, which we already hold as hardiness_zone_min and hardiness_zone_max. That follows eleven other extension URL families swept for this crop on the same day (Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA, Missouri Botanical) which returned no page for it or no figure on the page. Across 150-plus verified-genuine pages the whole sweep produced two usable figures, and that IS the finding: extension publishes a hardiness class or zone for ordinary garden plants and reserves per-crop temperatures for critical-temperature tables — tree fruit at bloom, berries at bloom, citrus in winter, a few chilling-sensitive tropicals. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the frost alert already runs on it. Every page here was verified to be about this plant before being read, after this sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md).","searched":"2026-08-05"},"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Read the NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox entry for this species in full (https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/perilla-frutescens/) and it states no cold-damage or cold-kill temperature — like every toolbox entry it gives a USDA hardiness ZONE range instead, which we already hold as hardiness_zone_min and hardiness_zone_max. That follows eleven other extension URL families swept for this crop on the same day (Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA, Missouri Botanical) which returned no page for it or no figure on the page. Across 150-plus verified-genuine pages the whole sweep produced two usable figures, and that IS the finding: extension publishes a hardiness class or zone for ordinary garden plants and reserves per-crop temperatures for critical-temperature tables — tree fruit at bloom, berries at bloom, citrus in winter, a few chilling-sensitive tropicals. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the frost alert already runs on it. Every page here was verified to be about this plant before being read, after this sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md).","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":3,"orgs":["Johnny's Selected Seeds (Grower's Library)","Missouri Botanical Garden","NC State Extension"]},"varieties":[{"slug":"red-shiso-shiso","name":"Red Shiso","variety_type":"red_purple","color":["red","purple"],"heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"80–85","dtm_basis":"seed"}]},{"slug":"snapdragon","name":"Snapdragon (garden snapdragon)","display":"Snapdragon","botanical":"Antirrhinum majus","family":"Plantaginaceae","kind":"ornamental","category":"flower","lifecycle":"tender_perennial","variety_count":25,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"half_hardy","growth_habit":["upright"],"fertility":"moderate","zones":{"v":"7–10","min":7,"max":10,"unit":"usda_zone","cv":"This is where snapdragons come back on their own. Below zone 7 they are killed by winter and grown as an annual — which is how they are sold and planted nearly everywhere."},"soil_ph":{"v":"6.2–7","min":6.2,"max":7,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["clay","loam","sandy","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"4–12 in","min":4,"max":12,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"6–12 in","min":6,"max":12,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"0–0.0625 in","min":0,"max":0.0625,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"45–70 days","min":45,"max":70,"unit":"days","basis":"transplant","by_basis":{"seed":{"v":"70–100 days","min":70,"max":100},"transplant":{"v":"45–70 days","min":45,"max":70}}},"mature_height":{"v":"0.5–3 ft","min":6,"max":36,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"6–12 in","min":6,"max":12,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"1–2 gal","min":1,"max":2,"unit":"gal","rm":"min_to_recommended"},"needs_support":true,"timing":{"start_indoors_weeks_before_last_frost":{"max":10,"min":6},"transplant_days_after_last_frost":{"max":7,"min":-14},"direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost":{"max":0,"min":-14},"days_to_germination":{"max":14,"min":7}},"harvest_cues":["first_flowers"],"propagation":["transplant","cutting"],"pests":["aphids","spider_mites"],"diseases":["rust","gray_mold","downy_mildew","root_rot","anthracnose","leaf_spot"],"edible_parts":["flower"],"pet_toxicity":["non_toxic_to_cats","non_toxic_to_dogs","non_toxic_to_horses"],"searched":["frost_damage_temp","frost_kill_temp"],"searched_why":{"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"Read the NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox entry for this species in full (https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/antirrhinum-majus/) and it states no cold-damage or cold-kill temperature — like every toolbox entry it gives a USDA hardiness ZONE range instead, which we already hold as hardiness_zone_min and hardiness_zone_max. That follows eleven other extension URL families swept for this crop on the same day (Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA, Missouri Botanical) which returned no page for it or no figure on the page. Across 150-plus verified-genuine pages the whole sweep produced two usable figures, and that IS the finding: extension publishes a hardiness class or zone for ordinary garden plants and reserves per-crop temperatures for critical-temperature tables — tree fruit at bloom, berries at bloom, citrus in winter, a few chilling-sensitive tropicals. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the frost alert already runs on it. Every page here was verified to be about this plant before being read, after this sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md).","searched":"2026-08-05"},"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Read the NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox entry for this species in full (https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/antirrhinum-majus/) and it states no cold-damage or cold-kill temperature — like every toolbox entry it gives a USDA hardiness ZONE range instead, which we already hold as hardiness_zone_min and hardiness_zone_max. That follows eleven other extension URL families swept for this crop on the same day (Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA, Missouri Botanical) which returned no page for it or no figure on the page. Across 150-plus verified-genuine pages the whole sweep produced two usable figures, and that IS the finding: extension publishes a hardiness class or zone for ordinary garden plants and reserves per-crop temperatures for critical-temperature tables — tree fruit at bloom, berries at bloom, citrus in winter, a few chilling-sensitive tropicals. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the frost alert already runs on it. Every page here was verified to be about this plant before being read, after this sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md).","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":6,"orgs":["Cornell University High Tunnels (Cornell Cooperative Extension)","Johnny's Selected Seeds","Mississippi State University Extension Service","Missouri Botanical Garden","NC State Extension","University of Florida IFAS Extension"]},"varieties":[]},{"slug":"sorghum","name":"Sorghum (grain / milo)","display":"Sorghum","botanical":"Sorghum bicolor","family":"Poaceae","kind":"food_crop","category":"grain","lifecycle":"annual","variety_count":12,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"low","frost_sensitivity":"tender","fertility":"moderate","soil_ph":{"v":"6–7.5","min":6,"max":7.5,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["clay","loam","sandy"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"6–12 in","min":6,"max":12,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"30–40 in","min":30,"max":40,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"1–2 in","min":1,"max":2,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"90–120 days","min":90,"max":120,"unit":"days","basis":"seed","by_basis":{"seed":{"v":"90–120 days","min":90,"max":120}}},"mature_height":{"v":"2–4 ft","min":24,"max":48,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"2–3 ft","min":24,"max":36,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"3–5 gal","min":3,"max":5,"unit":"gal","rm":"min_to_recommended"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost":{"max":21,"min":7},"days_to_germination":{"max":15,"min":7}},"harvest_cues":["fruit_coloring"],"propagation":["direct_sow"],"pests":["aphids","corn_earworm","greenbug"],"diseases":["anthracnose","downy_mildew","rust","leaf_blight","charcoal_rot","head_smut","maize_dwarf_mosaic","damping_off"],"edible_parts":["seed"],"human_toxicity":["toxic_leaves","toxic_stems"],"pet_toxicity":["toxic_to_horses"],"searched":["frost_damage_temp","frost_kill_temp"],"searched_why":{"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"Read the NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox entry for this species in full (https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/sorghum-bicolor/) and it states no cold-damage or cold-kill temperature — like every toolbox entry it gives a USDA hardiness ZONE range instead, which we already hold as hardiness_zone_min and hardiness_zone_max. That follows eleven other extension URL families swept for this crop on the same day (Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA, Missouri Botanical) which returned no page for it or no figure on the page. Across 150-plus verified-genuine pages the whole sweep produced two usable figures, and that IS the finding: extension publishes a hardiness class or zone for ordinary garden plants and reserves per-crop temperatures for critical-temperature tables — tree fruit at bloom, berries at bloom, citrus in winter, a few chilling-sensitive tropicals. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the frost alert already runs on it. Every page here was verified to be about this plant before being read, after this sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md).","searched":"2026-08-05"},"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Read the NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox entry for this species in full (https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/sorghum-bicolor/) and it states no cold-damage or cold-kill temperature — like every toolbox entry it gives a USDA hardiness ZONE range instead, which we already hold as hardiness_zone_min and hardiness_zone_max. That follows eleven other extension URL families swept for this crop on the same day (Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA, Missouri Botanical) which returned no page for it or no figure on the page. Across 150-plus verified-genuine pages the whole sweep produced two usable figures, and that IS the finding: extension publishes a hardiness class or zone for ordinary garden plants and reserves per-crop temperatures for critical-temperature tables — tree fruit at bloom, berries at bloom, citrus in winter, a few chilling-sensitive tropicals. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the frost alert already runs on it. Every page here was verified to be about this plant before being read, after this sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md).","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":4,"orgs":["NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox","Purdue University Center for New Crops (NewCROP)","Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center at San Angelo"]},"varieties":[]},{"slug":"sorrel","name":"Sorrel (garden sorrel)","display":"Sorrel","botanical":"Rumex acetosa","family":"Polygonaceae","kind":"herb","category":"leafy_green","lifecycle":"perennial","variety_count":3,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"very_hardy","fertility":"moderate","zones":{"v":"3–7","min":3,"max":7,"unit":"usda_zone"},"soil_ph":{"v":"5.5–6.8","min":5.5,"max":6.8,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["loam","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"12–18 in","min":12,"max":18,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"12–18 in","min":12,"max":18,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"0.25 in","min":0.25,"max":0.25,"unit":"in"},"mature_height":{"v":"1.5–2 ft","min":18,"max":24,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"1.5–2 ft","min":18,"max":24,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"2–5 gal","min":2,"max":5,"unit":"gal","rm":"min_to_recommended"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"start_indoors_weeks_before_last_frost":3,"transplant_days_after_last_frost":{"max":14,"min":0},"direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost":{"max":0,"min":-14},"days_to_germination":{"max":14,"min":7}},"harvest_cues":["rapid_leaf_growth"],"propagation":["direct_sow","transplant","division"],"pests":["slugs","aphids"],"diseases":["rust","leaf_spot"],"edible_parts":["leaf"],"pet_toxicity":["toxic_to_dogs","toxic_to_cats","toxic_to_horses"],"searched":["frost_damage_temp","frost_kill_temp"],"searched_why":{"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"Swept ten extension URL families for this crop on 2026-08-05 — Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA and Missouri Botanical Garden — and read in full every page that genuinely covers it. None states a temperature at which the plant takes cold damage or dies. Every page was verified to be about this crop before being read, after the same sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" page with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md). Across 100-plus pages the sweep produced two usable figures, which is the finding: extension publishes a hardiness CLASS for ordinary garden crops, not a per-crop temperature. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the alert engine already uses it.","searched":"2026-08-05"},"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Swept ten extension URL families for this crop on 2026-08-05 — Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA and Missouri Botanical Garden — and read in full every page that genuinely covers it. None states a temperature at which the plant takes cold damage or dies. Every page was verified to be about this crop before being read, after the same sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" page with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md). Across 100-plus pages the sweep produced two usable figures, which is the finding: extension publishes a hardiness CLASS for ordinary garden crops, not a per-crop temperature. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the alert engine already uses it.","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":5,"orgs":["ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center","Johnny's Selected Seeds","Missouri Botanical Garden","Penn State Extension","University of Minnesota Extension"]},"varieties":[{"slug":"french-sorrel-sorrel","name":"French Sorrel","variety_type":"french","color":["green"],"heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"80","dtm_basis":"seed"},{"slug":"red-veined-sorrel-sorrel","name":"Red Veined Sorrel","variety_type":"red_veined","color":["bicolor"],"days_to_maturity":"55","dtm_basis":"seed"}]},{"slug":"spinach","name":"Spinach","display":"Spinach","botanical":"Spinacia oleracea","family":"Amaranthaceae","kind":"food_crop","category":"leafy_green","lifecycle":"annual","variety_count":43,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"very_hardy","fertility":"heavy","soil_ph":{"v":"6–7","min":6,"max":7,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["sandy_loam","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"2–4 in","min":2,"max":4,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"12–18 in","min":12,"max":18,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"0.25–0.5 in","min":0.25,"max":0.5,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"28–55 days","min":28,"max":55,"unit":"days","basis":"seed","by_basis":{"seed":{"v":"28–55 days","min":28,"max":55}}},"mature_height":{"v":"6–12 in","min":6,"max":12,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"6–12 in","min":6,"max":12,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"1–3 gal","min":1,"max":3,"unit":"gal","rm":"min_to_recommended"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost":{"max":-14,"min":-21},"direct_sow_days_relative_first_frost":{"max":-36,"min":-68},"fall_sow_calendar":[{"curation_status":"source_verified","from":"08-01","not_recommended":false,"place":"South Carolina — Piedmont","to":"09-30"},{"curation_status":"source_verified","from":"08-15","not_recommended":false,"place":"South Carolina — Coastal Plain","to":"10-15"}],"days_to_germination":{"max":10,"min":7}},"harvest_cues":["rapid_leaf_growth"],"propagation":["direct_sow"],"pests":["aphids","cutworms","cabbage_looper","corn_earworm","diamondback_moth_caterpillars","leafminers","slugs","flea_beetles"],"diseases":["downy_mildew","white_rust","damping_off"],"edible_parts":["leaf"],"human_toxicity":["low_severity","oxalic_acid"],"searched":["frost_damage_temp","frost_kill_temp"],"searched_why":{"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"Utah State University Extension's spinach page does give a number — \"temperatures down to 32F do not seriously damage young plants\" — and it was deliberately NOT recorded. A tolerance floor sitting exactly at the freezing point says only that the crop survives a light frost, which is what very_hardy already says, and nothing about how much colder spinach goes, because USU never tested lower. Spinach overwinters under a low tunnel across most of the country; storing 32 F here would fire a frost alert on every light-frost night of the autumn for the crop least likely to care. A useful floor has to be BELOW freezing, as broccoli's 28, cabbage's 25 and kale's 25 are.","searched":"2026-08-05"},"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Utah State University Extension's spinach page does give a number — \"temperatures down to 32F do not seriously damage young plants\" — and it was deliberately NOT recorded. A tolerance floor sitting exactly at the freezing point says only that the crop survives a light frost, which is what very_hardy already says, and nothing about how much colder spinach goes, because USU never tested lower. Spinach overwinters under a low tunnel across most of the country; storing 32 F here would fire a frost alert on every light-frost night of the autumn for the crop least likely to care. A useful floor has to be BELOW freezing, as broccoli's 28, cabbage's 25 and kale's 25 are.","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":7,"orgs":["Clemson Cooperative Extension, Home & Garden Information Center","NC State Extension","University of Maryland Extension","University of Minnesota Extension","Utah State University Extension"]},"varieties":[{"slug":"bloomsdale-long-standing-spinach","name":"Bloomsdale Long Standing Spinach","variety_type":["savoy"],"color":["green"],"heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"46","dtm_basis":"seed"}]},{"slug":"squash-summer","name":"Squash, summer (zucchini / courgette)","display":"Summer Squash","botanical":"Cucurbita pepo","family":"Cucurbitaceae","kind":"food_crop","category":"fruiting_vegetable","lifecycle":"annual","variety_count":50,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"tender","frost_damage_temp":{"v":"33 °F","min":33,"max":33,"unit":"°F","stg":"chilling","rdg":"threshold"},"fertility":"moderate","soil_ph":{"v":"6–6.5","min":6,"max":6.5,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["sandy","loam","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"24–36 in","min":24,"max":36,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"36–48 in","min":36,"max":48,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"0.5–2 in","min":0.5,"max":2,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"50–65 days","min":50,"max":65,"unit":"days","basis":"transplant","by_basis":{"seed":{"v":"45–75 days","min":45,"max":75},"transplant":{"v":"50–65 days","min":50,"max":65}}},"weeks_indoors_before_planting_out":{"v":"3 wk","min":3,"max":3,"unit":"wk"},"mature_height":{"v":"1–3 ft","min":12,"max":36,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"10 gal","min":10,"max":10,"unit":"gal"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"transplant_days_after_last_frost":14,"start_indoors_weeks_before_transplant":3,"fall_sow_calendar":[{"curation_status":"source_verified","from":"07-15","not_recommended":false,"place":"South Carolina — Piedmont","to":"08-15"},{"curation_status":"source_verified","from":"08-01","not_recommended":false,"place":"South Carolina — Coastal Plain","to":"08-31"}],"days_to_germination":{"max":12,"min":3}},"harvest_cues":["fruit_sizing"],"propagation":["direct_sow","transplant"],"pests":["squash_bugs","squash_vine_borer","striped_cucumber_beetle","spotted_cucumber_beetle","aphids","pickleworm","squash_beetle"],"diseases":["powdery_mildew","downy_mildew","bacterial_wilt","anthracnose","angular_leaf_spot","cucurbit_virus","choanephora_rot","gummy_stem_blight"],"edible_parts":["fruit"],"pet_toxicity":["non_toxic_to_dogs","non_toxic_to_cats","non_toxic_to_horses"],"searched":["direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost","frost_kill_temp","mature_spread","start_indoors_weeks_before_last_frost"],"searched_why":{"direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost":{"note":"No source we read gives one: \"all sources say 'after frost' without a day count.\" The right anchor named, with no number attached — the commonest shape in this whole migration.","searched":"2026-08-11"},"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Utah State University Extension states this crop's frost_damage_temp (33 F, chilling) and states NO separate temperature at which the plant is lost, and no other publication read in the 2026-08-05 sweep across twelve extension URL families supplies one. That is the normal shape outside the critical-temperature tables: those tables print a 10% and a 90% column together, which is where every paired record we hold comes from, and an ordinary crop page names one threshold or the other. LEAVING THIS EMPTY IS THE CORRECT OUTCOME, not a gap to fill later by inference. The two fields are read as a pair, so a guessed kill figure would manufacture a safety margin nobody measured — and the engine would print that margin to a gardener as if it were a fact. Where the crop is lost outright below the damage point, its frost_sensitivity class already says so and the alert already fires from it.","searched":"2026-08-05"},"mature_spread":{"note":"THE OBVIOUS SOURCE EXISTS AND IS WRONG FOR THIS CROP, which is why this is a refusal rather than a gap. The convention for cucurbits is to carry NC State's structured Width — pumpkins holds 24-300 and squash-winter 36-300 that way. NC State's Cucurbita pepo entry (https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/cucurbita-pepo/) does publish one: \"Dimensions: Height: 1 ft. 0 in. - 3 ft. 0 in. Width: 2 ft. 0 in. - 25 ft. 0 in.\" REJECTED, because C. pepo is one species covering bush zucchini, acorn squash, ornamental gourds AND field pumpkins, and the 25-foot top end is a pumpkin vine run. Pumpkins already carries 24-300 from this same entry. Summer squash is bush-habit and needs_support is false on this record, so storing 24-300 would tell a gardener a zucchini may spread twenty-five feet. A species-level dimension is only usable where the species has one habit, and this one has two. NOTHING CROP-SPECIFIC FILLS IT. Maryland's and Minnesota's summer-squash pages state no plant size. South Dakota State says \"Allow 2 to 3 feet of space on either side of the row for the vines to spread\" — a ROW ALLOWANCE, which the contract excludes twice over (\"NOT the row width or bed width\", \"NOT the spacing to plant at\"), and it describes the bed rather than the plant.","searched":"2026-08-11"},"start_indoors_weeks_before_last_frost":{"note":"No source we read gives one: \"UMD anchors '3 weeks prior to planting time', not last frost.\" adds the near miss it rejected: \"USU '2-3 weeks before last frost' is row-cover guidance\", which is the right anchor attached to the wrong subject.","searched":"2026-08-11"}},"sources":{"count":16,"orgs":["ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center","Clemson Cooperative Extension HGIC","Clemson Cooperative Extension, Home & Garden Information Center","Colorado State University Extension (Colorado Master Gardener)","Michigan State University Extension","NC State Extension","Penn State Extension","South Dakota State University Extension","University of Georgia Extension (CAES)","University of Maryland Extension","University of Minnesota Extension","Utah State University Extension"]},"varieties":[{"slug":"black-beauty-squash-summer","name":"Black Beauty Zucchini","variety_type":"zucchini","color":["green"],"size":"medium","heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"63","dtm_basis":"seed"},{"slug":"cocozelle-squash-summer","name":"Cocozelle Zucchini","variety_type":"zucchini","color":["striped"],"size":"medium","heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"58","dtm_basis":"seed"},{"slug":"costata-romanesco-squash-summer","name":"Costata Romanesco Zucchini","variety_type":"zucchini","color":["green"],"size":"large","heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"52","dtm_basis":"seed"},{"slug":"fordhook-squash-summer","name":"Fordhook Zucchini","variety_type":"zucchini","color":["green"],"heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"57","dtm_basis":"seed"},{"slug":"golden-zucchini-squash-summer","name":"Golden Zucchini","variety_type":"zucchini","color":["yellow"],"size":"medium","heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"50–55","dtm_basis":"seed"},{"slug":"grey-zucchini-squash-summer","name":"Grey Zucchini","variety_type":"zucchini","color":["green"],"size":"medium","heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"48–50","dtm_basis":"seed"}]},{"slug":"squash-winter","name":"Squash, winter","display":"Winter Squash","botanical":"Cucurbita moschata","family":"Cucurbitaceae","kind":"food_crop","category":"fruiting_vegetable","lifecycle":"annual","variety_count":55,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"tender","frost_damage_temp":{"v":"33 °F","min":33,"max":33,"unit":"°F","stg":"chilling","rdg":"threshold"},"fertility":"heavy","soil_ph":{"v":"6–6.5","min":6,"max":6.5,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["sandy","loam","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"36–48 in","min":36,"max":48,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"72–96 in","min":72,"max":96,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"0.75–2 in","min":0.75,"max":2,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"60–100 days","min":60,"max":100,"unit":"days","basis":"seed","by_basis":{"seed":{"v":"60–100 days","min":60,"max":100}}},"mature_height":{"v":"4–10 ft","min":48,"max":120,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"3–25 ft","min":36,"max":300,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"8–10 gal","min":8,"max":10,"unit":"gal","rm":"min_to_recommended"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost":14,"fall_sow_calendar":[{"curation_status":"source_verified","from":"08-01","not_recommended":false,"place":"South Carolina — Coastal Plain","to":"08-31"},{"curation_status":"source_verified","from":null,"not_recommended":true,"place":"South Carolina — Piedmont","to":null}],"days_to_germination":{"max":10,"min":7}},"harvest_cues":["skin_set","fruit_coloring"],"propagation":["direct_sow","transplant"],"pests":["squash_bugs","squash_vine_borer","striped_cucumber_beetle","spotted_cucumber_beetle","aphids","pickleworm","squash_beetle","seed_corn_maggot"],"diseases":["powdery_mildew","downy_mildew","anthracnose","fruit_rot","cucurbit_virus"],"edible_parts":["fruit","seed"],"pet_toxicity":["non_toxic_to_dogs","non_toxic_to_cats","non_toxic_to_horses"],"searched":["frost_kill_temp","start_indoors_weeks_before_last_frost","transplant_days_after_last_frost"],"searched_why":{"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Utah State University Extension states this crop's frost_damage_temp (33 F, chilling) and states NO separate temperature at which the plant is lost, and no other publication read in the 2026-08-05 sweep across twelve extension URL families supplies one. That is the normal shape outside the critical-temperature tables: those tables print a 10% and a 90% column together, which is where every paired record we hold comes from, and an ordinary crop page names one threshold or the other. LEAVING THIS EMPTY IS THE CORRECT OUTCOME, not a gap to fill later by inference. The two fields are read as a pair, so a guessed kill figure would manufacture a safety margin nobody measured — and the engine would print that margin to a gardener as if it were a fact. Where the crop is lost outright below the damage point, its frost_sensitivity class already says so and the alert already fires from it.","searched":"2026-08-05"},"start_indoors_weeks_before_last_frost":{"note":"No source we read gives one: \"UMD anchors '3 weeks before planting time', not last frost.\" Same reading as pumpkins and summer squash, from the same Maryland framing — a real number in the wrong frame.","searched":"2026-08-11"},"transplant_days_after_last_frost":{"note":"No source we read gives one: \"all sources say 'after all danger of frost' with no day count.\" Same reading as its start_indoors blank, from the same pass.","searched":"2026-08-11"}},"sources":{"count":15,"orgs":["ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center","Clemson Cooperative Extension HGIC","Clemson Cooperative Extension, Home & Garden Information Center","Colorado State University Extension (Colorado Master Gardener)","NC State Extension","UMass Extension (Center for Agriculture, Food, and the Environment)","University of Illinois Extension","University of Maryland Extension","University of Minnesota Extension","Utah State University Extension"]},"varieties":[{"slug":"black-futsu-squash-winter","name":"Black Futsu Squash","variety_type":"pumpkin_type","color":["orange"],"heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"105","dtm_basis":"seed"},{"slug":"blue-hubbard-squash-winter","name":"Blue Hubbard Squash","variety_type":"hubbard","color":["blue"],"heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"100","dtm_basis":"seed"},{"slug":"buttercup-squash-winter","name":"Buttercup Squash","variety_type":"buttercup","color":["green"],"heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"105","dtm_basis":"seed"},{"slug":"candy-roaster-squash-winter","name":"Candy Roaster Squash","variety_type":"banana","color":["pink"],"heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"112","dtm_basis":"seed"},{"slug":"kabocha-squash-winter","name":"Kabocha Squash","variety_type":"kabocha","color":["green"],"heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"90","dtm_basis":"seed"},{"slug":"pink-banana-squash-winter","name":"Pink Banana Squash","variety_type":"banana","color":["pink"],"heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"105","dtm_basis":"seed"},{"slug":"red-kuri-squash-winter","name":"Red Kuri Squash","variety_type":"kabocha","color":["orange"],"heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"92","dtm_basis":"seed"},{"slug":"sweet-meat-squash-winter","name":"Sweet Meat Squash","variety_type":"pumpkin_type","color":["blue"],"heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"95","dtm_basis":"seed"}]},{"slug":"strawberry","name":"Strawberry","display":"Strawberry","botanical":"Fragaria × ananassa","family":"Rosaceae","kind":"berry","category":"fruit","lifecycle":"perennial","variety_count":29,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"hardy","frost_damage_temp":{"v":"30 °F","min":30,"max":30,"unit":"°F","stg":"bloom","rdg":"threshold"},"frost_kill_temp":{"v":"15 °F","min":15,"max":15,"unit":"°F","stg":"dormant_top_growth","rdg":"threshold"},"fertility":"moderate","zones":{"v":"5–9","min":5,"max":9,"unit":"usda_zone"},"soil_ph":{"v":"5.8–6.5","min":5.8,"max":6.5,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["sandy_loam","loam","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"12–24 in","min":12,"max":24,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"36–48 in","min":36,"max":48,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"At soil level","min":0,"max":0,"unit":"in"},"years_to_harvest":{"v":"0–2 yr","min":0,"max":2,"unit":"yr"},"chill_hours":{"v":"200–400 hrs","min":200,"max":400,"unit":"hrs"},"pollination":"self_fertile","mature_height":{"v":"6–12 in","min":6,"max":12,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"1–2 ft","min":12,"max":24,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"1–2 gal","min":1,"max":2,"unit":"gal","rm":"min_to_recommended"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{},"harvest_cues":["fruit_coloring"],"propagation":["transplant","runners"],"pests":["tarnished_plant_bug","strawberry_bud_weevil","spotted_wing_drosophila","slugs","aphids","thrips"],"diseases":["gray_mold","leaf_spot","leaf_scorch","anthracnose","powdery_mildew","red_stele","verticillium_wilt","black_root_rot","angular_leaf_spot"],"edible_parts":["fruit"],"pet_toxicity":["non_toxic_to_dogs","non_toxic_to_cats","non_toxic_to_horses"],"searched":["container_min_volume","transplant_days_after_last_frost"],"searched_why":{"container_min_volume":{"note":"Checked for a real gallon figure beyond the general_knowledge estimate already on file. UMD's two container-comparison pages (the ones that supplied the herb and small-fruit-tree upgrades for this same field on other crops) do not name strawberry among their example crops. Clemson HGIC's own strawberry page turned out to be about freezing the fruit for storage, not container growing. University of Minnesota Extension states day-neutral strawberries \"can be planted in containers\" but gives no gallon or pot-size figure at all. UGA's page found under a strawberry-container search turned out to be about growing muscadine grapes in containers, not strawberries. No US extension source found states a per-plant container volume for strawberry; the general_knowledge estimate above (1-2 gal) stands as the best available figure.","searched":"2026-08-07"},"transplant_days_after_last_frost":{"note":"No source we read gives one: \"perennial fruits over years, not a frost-relative day count.\" The record leaves the door open even though a perennial's planting is not usually pinned to a frost offset.","searched":"2026-08-11"}},"sources":{"count":18,"orgs":["ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center","Clemson Cooperative Extension, Home & Garden Information Center","Cornell University Cooperative Extension (Cornell Fruit Resources: Berries)","Iowa State University Extension and Outreach","Mississippi State University Extension","NC State Extension","Penn State Extension","University of Maryland Extension","University of Minnesota Extension","University of New Hampshire Extension","Utah State University Extension"]},"varieties":[{"slug":"albion-strawberry","name":"Albion Strawberry","variety_type":"day_neutral","color":["red"],"size":"large"},{"slug":"allstar-strawberry","name":"Allstar Strawberry","variety_type":"junebearing","color":["red"],"size":"large"},{"slug":"camarosa-strawberry","name":"Camarosa Strawberry","variety_type":"junebearing","color":["red"],"size":"large"},{"slug":"chandler-strawberry","name":"Chandler Strawberry","variety_type":"junebearing","color":["red"],"size":"large"},{"slug":"eversweet-strawberry","name":"Eversweet Strawberry","variety_type":"everbearing","color":["red"],"size":"large"},{"slug":"fort-laramie-strawberry","name":"Fort Laramie Strawberry","variety_type":"everbearing","color":["red"],"size":"large"},{"slug":"honeoye-strawberry","name":"Honeoye Strawberry","variety_type":"junebearing","color":["red"],"size":"large"},{"slug":"jewel-strawberry","name":"Jewel Strawberry","variety_type":"junebearing","color":["red"],"size":"large"},{"slug":"ozark-beauty-strawberry","name":"Ozark Beauty Strawberry","variety_type":"everbearing","color":["red"],"size":"large","heirloom":true},{"slug":"quinault-strawberry","name":"Quinault Strawberry","variety_type":"everbearing","color":["red"],"size":"large"},{"slug":"seascape-strawberry","name":"Seascape Strawberry","variety_type":"day_neutral","color":["red"],"size":"large"}]},{"slug":"summer-savory","name":"Summer Savory","display":"Summer Savory","botanical":"Satureja hortensis","family":"Lamiaceae","kind":"herb","category":"herb","lifecycle":"annual","variety_count":1,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"tender","growth_habit":["upright","mounding"],"fertility":"moderate","soil_ph":{"v":"6.5–8","min":6.5,"max":8,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["loam","high_organic_matter","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"6–10 in","min":6,"max":10,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"12–18 in","min":12,"max":18,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"0–0.25 in","min":0,"max":0.25,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"40–55 days","min":40,"max":55,"unit":"days","basis":"transplant","by_basis":{"seed":{"v":"55–70 days","min":55,"max":70},"transplant":{"v":"40–55 days","min":40,"max":55}}},"mature_height":{"v":"8–18 in","min":8,"max":18,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"1–3 ft","min":12,"max":36,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"1–2 gal","min":1,"max":2,"unit":"gal","rm":"min_to_recommended"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"start_indoors_weeks_before_last_frost":{"max":6,"min":4},"transplant_days_after_last_frost":{"max":14,"min":0},"direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost":{"max":14,"min":0},"days_to_germination":{"max":21,"min":14}},"harvest_cues":["flower_buds"],"propagation":["direct_sow","transplant","cutting","division"],"pests":["aphids"],"diseases":["root_rot"],"edible_parts":["leaf"],"pet_toxicity":["non_toxic_to_dogs","non_toxic_to_cats","non_toxic_to_horses"],"searched":["frost_damage_temp","frost_kill_temp"],"searched_why":{"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"Read the NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox entry for this species in full (https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/satureja-hortensis/) and it states no cold-damage or cold-kill temperature — like every toolbox entry it gives a USDA hardiness ZONE range instead, which we already hold as hardiness_zone_min and hardiness_zone_max. That follows eleven other extension URL families swept for this crop on the same day (Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA, Missouri Botanical) which returned no page for it or no figure on the page. Across 150-plus verified-genuine pages the whole sweep produced two usable figures, and that IS the finding: extension publishes a hardiness class or zone for ordinary garden plants and reserves per-crop temperatures for critical-temperature tables — tree fruit at bloom, berries at bloom, citrus in winter, a few chilling-sensitive tropicals. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the frost alert already runs on it. Every page here was verified to be about this plant before being read, after this sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md).","searched":"2026-08-05"},"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Read the NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox entry for this species in full (https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/satureja-hortensis/) and it states no cold-damage or cold-kill temperature — like every toolbox entry it gives a USDA hardiness ZONE range instead, which we already hold as hardiness_zone_min and hardiness_zone_max. That follows eleven other extension URL families swept for this crop on the same day (Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA, Missouri Botanical) which returned no page for it or no figure on the page. Across 150-plus verified-genuine pages the whole sweep produced two usable figures, and that IS the finding: extension publishes a hardiness class or zone for ordinary garden plants and reserves per-crop temperatures for critical-temperature tables — tree fruit at bloom, berries at bloom, citrus in winter, a few chilling-sensitive tropicals. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the frost alert already runs on it. Every page here was verified to be about this plant before being read, after this sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md).","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":3,"orgs":["NC State Extension","University of Georgia Extension","University of Illinois Extension"]},"varieties":[]},{"slug":"sunchoke","name":"Sunchoke (Jerusalem artichoke)","display":"Sunchoke","botanical":"Helianthus tuberosus","family":"Asteraceae","kind":"food_crop","category":"tuber_vegetable","lifecycle":"perennial","variety_count":12,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"hardy","growth_habit":["upright"],"fertility":"moderate","zones":{"v":"3–9","min":3,"max":9,"unit":"usda_zone"},"soil_ph":{"v":"6–8","min":6,"max":8,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["loam","sandy","clay","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"12–36 in","min":12,"max":36,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"24 in","min":24,"max":24,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"4–6 in","min":4,"max":6,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"120 days","min":120,"max":120,"unit":"days","basis":"seed","by_basis":{"seed":{"v":"120 days","min":120,"max":120}}},"mature_height":{"v":"6–10 ft","min":72,"max":120,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"3–5 ft","min":36,"max":60,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"5–15 gal","min":5,"max":15,"unit":"gal","rm":"min_to_recommended"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost":{"max":0,"min":-28}},"harvest_cues":["lower_leaf_yellowing","tops_falling_over"],"propagation":["tubers"],"pests":["slugs","swift_moth"],"diseases":["rust","leaf_spot","powdery_mildew"],"edible_parts":["tuber"],"searched":["frost_damage_temp","frost_kill_temp"],"searched_why":{"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"Read the NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox entry for this species in full (https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/helianthus-tuberosus/) and it states no cold-damage or cold-kill temperature — like every toolbox entry it gives a USDA hardiness ZONE range instead, which we already hold as hardiness_zone_min and hardiness_zone_max. That follows eleven other extension URL families swept for this crop on the same day (Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA, Missouri Botanical) which returned no page for it or no figure on the page. Across 150-plus verified-genuine pages the whole sweep produced two usable figures, and that IS the finding: extension publishes a hardiness class or zone for ordinary garden plants and reserves per-crop temperatures for critical-temperature tables — tree fruit at bloom, berries at bloom, citrus in winter, a few chilling-sensitive tropicals. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the frost alert already runs on it. Every page here was verified to be about this plant before being read, after this sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md).","searched":"2026-08-05"},"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Read the NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox entry for this species in full (https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/helianthus-tuberosus/) and it states no cold-damage or cold-kill temperature — like every toolbox entry it gives a USDA hardiness ZONE range instead, which we already hold as hardiness_zone_min and hardiness_zone_max. That follows eleven other extension URL families swept for this crop on the same day (Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA, Missouri Botanical) which returned no page for it or no figure on the page. Across 150-plus verified-genuine pages the whole sweep produced two usable figures, and that IS the finding: extension publishes a hardiness class or zone for ordinary garden plants and reserves per-crop temperatures for critical-temperature tables — tree fruit at bloom, berries at bloom, citrus in winter, a few chilling-sensitive tropicals. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the frost alert already runs on it. Every page here was verified to be about this plant before being read, after this sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md).","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":8,"orgs":["Clemson Cooperative Extension (HGIC)","N.C. Cooperative Extension, Chatham County Center","NC State Extension","Ohio State University CFAES, Ohio Weedguide","Ohio State University Extension (Ohioline)","Texas A&M AgriLife Extension (Aggie Horticulture)","University of Georgia Extension","University of Missouri Extension"]},"varieties":[]},{"slug":"sunflower","name":"Common sunflower (annual sunflower)","display":"Common sunflower","botanical":"Helianthus annuus","family":"Asteraceae","kind":"ornamental","category":"flower","lifecycle":"annual","variety_count":36,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"half_hardy","frost_damage_temp":{"v":"23 °F","min":23,"max":23,"unit":"°F","stg":"standing_crop","rdg":"tolerance_floor"},"growth_habit":["upright"],"fertility":"low","soil_ph":{"v":"6–7.2","min":6,"max":7.2,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["clay","loam","sandy","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"6–24 in","min":6,"max":24,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"30 in","min":30,"max":30,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"1 in","min":1,"max":1,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"60–90 days","min":60,"max":90,"unit":"days","basis":"transplant","by_basis":{"seed":{"v":"70–100 days","min":70,"max":100},"transplant":{"v":"60–90 days","min":60,"max":90}}},"mature_height":{"v":"1.5–10 ft","min":18,"max":120,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"1.5–3 ft","min":18,"max":36,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"3–5 gal","min":3,"max":5,"unit":"gal","rm":"min_to_recommended"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"start_indoors_weeks_before_last_frost":{"max":4,"min":2},"transplant_days_after_last_frost":{"max":14,"min":0},"direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost":{"max":14,"min":0},"days_to_germination":{"max":10,"min":7}},"harvest_cues":["first_flowers","fruit_coloring"],"propagation":["direct_sow","transplant"],"pests":["caterpillars","beetles","slugs","snails","aphids","birds"],"diseases":["powdery_mildew","rust","leaf_spot","downy_mildew"],"edible_parts":["seed","flower"],"searched":["frost_kill_temp"],"searched_why":{"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Purdue University Center for New Crops (NewCROP) states this crop's frost_damage_temp (23 F, standing_crop) and states NO separate temperature at which the plant is lost, and no other publication read in the 2026-08-05 sweep across twelve extension URL families supplies one. That is the normal shape outside the critical-temperature tables: those tables print a 10% and a 90% column together, which is where every paired record we hold comes from, and an ordinary crop page names one threshold or the other. LEAVING THIS EMPTY IS THE CORRECT OUTCOME, not a gap to fill later by inference. The two fields are read as a pair, so a guessed kill figure would manufacture a safety margin nobody measured — and the engine would print that margin to a gardener as if it were a fact. Where the crop is lost outright below the damage point, its frost_sensitivity class already says so and the alert already fires from it.","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":10,"orgs":["Colorado State University Extension (PlantTalk Colorado 1828)","Kansas State University Research and Extension (High Plains Sunflower Production Handbook MF2384; joint Colorado State / Kansas State / Nebraska / Wyoming / USDA-ARS Akron)","Kansas State University Research and Extension (horticulture news service)","Missouri Botanical Garden","NC State Extension","North Dakota State University Extension Service","Purdue University Center for New Crops (NewCROP)","South Dakota State University Extension","Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center at San Angelo","University of Minnesota Extension"]},"varieties":[{"slug":"american-giant-sunflower","name":"American Giant Sunflower","variety_type":"giant","color":["yellow"],"days_to_maturity":"60–90","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"autumn-beauty-sunflower","name":"Autumn Beauty Sunflower","variety_type":"branching_cut","color":["bicolor"],"days_to_maturity":"60–90","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"chocolate-cherry-sunflower","name":"Chocolate Cherry Sunflower","variety_type":"colored","color":["brown","purple"],"days_to_maturity":"60–90","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"chocolate-sunflower","name":"Chocolate Sunflower","variety_type":"colored","color":["brown"],"days_to_maturity":"65–75","dtm_basis":"seed"},{"slug":"evening-sun-sunflower","name":"Evening Sun Sunflower","variety_type":"branching_cut","color":["bicolor"],"days_to_maturity":"60–80","dtm_basis":"seed"},{"slug":"italian-white-sunflower","name":"Italian White Sunflower","variety_type":"branching_cut","color":["white"],"heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"60–90","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"lemon-queen-sunflower","name":"Lemon Queen Sunflower","variety_type":"branching_cut","color":["yellow"],"days_to_maturity":"60–90","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"mammoth-grey-stripe-sunflower","name":"Mammoth Grey Stripe Sunflower","variety_type":"giant","color":["yellow"],"heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"60–90","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"mammoth-russian-sunflower","name":"Mammoth Russian Sunflower","variety_type":"giant","color":["yellow"],"heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"60–90","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"moulin-rouge-sunflower","name":"Moulin Rouge Sunflower","variety_type":"colored","color":["red"],"hybrid":true,"days_to_maturity":"60–90","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"ring-of-fire-sunflower","name":"Ring of Fire Sunflower","variety_type":"colored","color":["bicolor"],"days_to_maturity":"60–90","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"strawberry-blonde-sunflower","name":"Strawberry Blonde Sunflower","variety_type":"branching_cut","color":["bicolor"],"hybrid":true,"days_to_maturity":"55–65","dtm_basis":"seed"},{"slug":"sunspot-sunflower","name":"Sunspot Sunflower","variety_type":"dwarf","color":["yellow"],"days_to_maturity":"60–90","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"teddy-bear-sunflower","name":"Teddy Bear Sunflower","variety_type":"dwarf","color":["yellow"],"days_to_maturity":"60–90","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"velvet-queen-sunflower","name":"Velvet Queen Sunflower","variety_type":"colored","color":["red"],"days_to_maturity":"60–90","dtm_basis":"transplant"}]},{"slug":"sweet-alyssum","name":"Sweet alyssum","display":"Sweet alyssum","botanical":"Lobularia maritima","family":"Brassicaceae","kind":"ornamental","category":"flower","lifecycle":"annual","variety_count":15,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"hardy","frost_kill_temp":{"v":"28 °F","min":28,"max":28,"unit":"°F","stg":"standing_crop","rdg":"tolerance_floor"},"growth_habit":["mounding","spreading"],"fertility":"low","soil_ph":{"v":"5.5–7","min":5.5,"max":7,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["clay","loam","sandy","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"6 in","min":6,"max":6,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"6 in","min":6,"max":6,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"0.125 in","min":0.125,"max":0.125,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"7–21 days","min":7,"max":21,"unit":"days","basis":"transplant","by_basis":{"seed":{"v":"42–56 days","min":42,"max":56},"transplant":{"v":"7–21 days","min":7,"max":21}}},"mature_height":{"v":"3–12 in","min":3,"max":12,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"0.5–4 ft","min":6,"max":48,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"0.25–0.5 gal","min":0.25,"max":0.5,"unit":"gal","rm":"min_to_recommended"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"start_indoors_weeks_before_last_frost":{"max":8,"min":5},"transplant_days_after_last_frost":{"max":7,"min":-7},"direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost":{"max":-14,"min":-28},"days_to_germination":{"max":20,"min":7}},"propagation":["direct_sow","transplant","cutting"],"pests":["aphids"],"diseases":["downy_mildew","stem_rot","crown_rot","damping_off"],"edible_parts":["flower"],"human_toxicity":["non_toxic"],"pet_toxicity":["non_toxic_to_dogs","non_toxic_to_cats","non_toxic_to_horses"],"searched":["frost_damage_temp"],"searched_why":{"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"Read the NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox entry for this species in full (https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/lobularia-maritima/) and it states no cold-damage or cold-kill temperature — like every toolbox entry it gives a USDA hardiness ZONE range instead, which we already hold as hardiness_zone_min and hardiness_zone_max. That follows eleven other extension URL families swept for this crop on the same day (Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA, Missouri Botanical) which returned no page for it or no figure on the page. Across 150-plus verified-genuine pages the whole sweep produced two usable figures, and that IS the finding: extension publishes a hardiness class or zone for ordinary garden plants and reserves per-crop temperatures for critical-temperature tables — tree fruit at bloom, berries at bloom, citrus in winter, a few chilling-sensitive tropicals. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the frost alert already runs on it. Every page here was verified to be about this plant before being read, after this sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md).","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":9,"orgs":["Clemson Cooperative Extension, Home & Garden Information Center","Iowa State University Extension and Outreach, Small Farm Sustainability","Missouri Botanical Garden","Montana State University Extension","NC State Extension","South Dakota State University Extension","University of Florida IFAS Extension, Gardening Solutions","University of Illinois Extension","University of Wisconsin-Madison Division of Extension"]},"varieties":[]},{"slug":"sweet-pea","name":"Sweet pea (annual sweet pea)","display":"Sweet pea","botanical":"Lathyrus odoratus","family":"Fabaceae","kind":"ornamental","category":"flower","lifecycle":"annual","variety_count":28,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"half_hardy","growth_habit":["vining","bush"],"fertility":"heavy","soil_ph":{"v":"6.5–7.5","min":6.5,"max":7.5,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["high_organic_matter","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"6–8 in","min":6,"max":8,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"24–36 in","min":24,"max":36,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"0.25–1 in","min":0.25,"max":1,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"60–75 days","min":60,"max":75,"unit":"days","basis":"transplant","by_basis":{"seed":{"v":"75–90 days","min":75,"max":90},"transplant":{"v":"60–75 days","min":60,"max":75}}},"mature_height":{"v":"3–8 ft","min":36,"max":96,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"2–3 ft","min":24,"max":36,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"3–5 gal","min":3,"max":5,"unit":"gal","rm":"min_to_recommended"},"needs_support":true,"timing":{"start_indoors_weeks_before_last_frost":{"max":8,"min":4},"transplant_days_after_last_frost":{"max":0,"min":-28},"direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost":{"max":0,"min":-28},"days_to_germination":{"max":28,"min":14}},"harvest_cues":["first_flowers"],"propagation":["direct_sow","transplant"],"pests":["aphids","thrips","slugs","snails"],"diseases":["powdery_mildew"],"human_toxicity":["toxic_seeds","toxic_pods","low_severity","causes_lathyrism"],"identity_note":"This is the ornamental sweet pea, grown for its scent and cut flowers. It is not the edible garden pea, which is a different plant and is in this database as \"Peas\". They are easy to mix up by name and they are not the same thing.","searched":["frost_damage_temp","frost_kill_temp"],"searched_why":{"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"Read the NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox entry for this species in full (https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/lathyrus-odoratus/) and it states no cold-damage or cold-kill temperature — like every toolbox entry it gives a USDA hardiness ZONE range instead, which is a claim about surviving a winter rather than a temperature — and one this record does NOT hold: since #119 both zone fields are not_applicable here, because an annual is never asked to overwinter in place. That follows eleven other extension URL families swept for this crop on the same day (Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA, Missouri Botanical) which returned no page for it or no figure on the page. Across 150-plus verified-genuine pages the whole sweep produced two usable figures, and that IS the finding: extension publishes a hardiness class or zone for ordinary garden plants and reserves per-crop temperatures for critical-temperature tables — tree fruit at bloom, berries at bloom, citrus in winter, a few chilling-sensitive tropicals. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the frost alert already runs on it. Every page here was verified to be about this plant before being read, after this sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md).","searched":"2026-08-05"},"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Read the NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox entry for this species in full (https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/lathyrus-odoratus/) and it states no cold-damage or cold-kill temperature — like every toolbox entry it gives a USDA hardiness ZONE range instead, which is a claim about surviving a winter rather than a temperature — and one this record does NOT hold: since #119 both zone fields are not_applicable here, because an annual is never asked to overwinter in place. That follows eleven other extension URL families swept for this crop on the same day (Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA, Missouri Botanical) which returned no page for it or no figure on the page. Across 150-plus verified-genuine pages the whole sweep produced two usable figures, and that IS the finding: extension publishes a hardiness class or zone for ordinary garden plants and reserves per-crop temperatures for critical-temperature tables — tree fruit at bloom, berries at bloom, citrus in winter, a few chilling-sensitive tropicals. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the frost alert already runs on it. Every page here was verified to be about this plant before being read, after this sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md).","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":4,"orgs":["Johnny's Selected Seeds","Missouri Botanical Garden","NC State Extension","Ohio State University Extension"]},"varieties":[]},{"slug":"sweet-potato","name":"Sweet potatoes","display":"Sweet potato","botanical":"Ipomoea batatas","family":"Convolvulaceae","kind":"food_crop","category":"root_vegetable","lifecycle":"annual","variety_count":20,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"tender","frost_damage_temp":{"v":"50 °F","min":50,"max":50,"unit":"°F","stg":"chilling","rdg":"threshold"},"fertility":"moderate","zones":{"v":"9–11","min":9,"max":11,"unit":"usda_zone"},"soil_ph":{"v":"5.5–6.5","min":5.5,"max":6.5,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["sandy","sandy_loam","loam","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"9–15 in","min":9,"max":15,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"36–48 in","min":36,"max":48,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"3–5 in","min":3,"max":5,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"90–120 days","min":90,"max":120,"unit":"days","basis":"transplant","by_basis":{"transplant":{"v":"90–120 days","min":90,"max":120}}},"mature_height":{"v":"12 in","min":12,"max":12,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"3–15 ft","min":36,"max":180,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"10–20 gal","min":10,"max":20,"unit":"gal","rm":"min_to_recommended"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"transplant_days_after_last_frost":{"max":28,"min":14}},"harvest_cues":["lower_leaf_yellowing"],"propagation":["cutting","transplant"],"pests":["sweetpotato_weevil","wireworms","root_knot_nematodes","flea_beetles","cutworms","voles"],"diseases":["black_rot","fusarium_wilt","internal_cork","soil_rot","scurf"],"edible_parts":["root","leaf","stem"],"pet_toxicity":["non_toxic_to_dogs","non_toxic_to_cats","non_toxic_to_horses"],"searched":["frost_kill_temp","start_indoors_weeks_before_last_frost"],"searched_why":{"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Utah State University Extension states this crop's frost_damage_temp (50 F, chilling) and states NO separate temperature at which the plant is lost, and no other publication read in the 2026-08-05 sweep across twelve extension URL families supplies one. That is the normal shape outside the critical-temperature tables: those tables print a 10% and a 90% column together, which is where every paired record we hold comes from, and an ordinary crop page names one threshold or the other. LEAVING THIS EMPTY IS THE CORRECT OUTCOME, not a gap to fill later by inference. The two fields are read as a pair, so a guessed kill figure would manufacture a safety margin nobody measured — and the engine would print that margin to a gardener as if it were a fact. Where the crop is lost outright below the damage point, its frost_sensitivity class already says so and the alert already fires from it.","searched":"2026-08-05"},"start_indoors_weeks_before_last_frost":{"note":"No source we read gives one: \"slip bedding is ~6 weeks before planting-out, not stated relative to last frost.\" Sweet potato is started as slips rather than seedlings, and the six weeks is measured to planting-out.","searched":"2026-08-11"}},"sources":{"count":7,"orgs":["ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center","Clemson Cooperative Extension HGIC","Mississippi State University Extension","NC State Extension","University of Florida IFAS Extension","University of Maryland Extension","Utah State University Extension"]},"varieties":[{"slug":"beauregard-sweet-potato","name":"Beauregard Sweet Potato","variety_type":"orange","color":["orange"],"days_to_maturity":"90–100","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"covington-sweet-potato","name":"Covington Sweet Potato","variety_type":"orange","color":["orange"],"days_to_maturity":"100","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"garnet-sweet-potato","name":"Garnet Sweet Potato","variety_type":"orange","color":["orange"],"days_to_maturity":"90–110","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"jewel-sweet-potato","name":"Jewel Sweet Potato","variety_type":"orange","color":["orange"],"days_to_maturity":"100–120","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"murasaki-sweet-potato","name":"Murasaki Sweet Potato","variety_type":"white","color":["white"],"days_to_maturity":"120","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"okinawan-sweet-potato","name":"Okinawan Sweet Potato","variety_type":"purple","color":["purple"],"heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"120–140","dtm_basis":"transplant"}]},{"slug":"tarragon","name":"French Tarragon","display":"French Tarragon","botanical":"Artemisia dracunculus var. sativa","family":"Asteraceae","kind":"herb","category":"herb","lifecycle":"perennial","variety_count":3,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"low","frost_sensitivity":"hardy","growth_habit":["upright","spreading"],"fertility":"low","zones":{"v":"4–8","min":4,"max":8,"unit":"usda_zone"},"soil_ph":{"v":"6.5–7.5","min":6.5,"max":7.5,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["loam","sandy","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"10–24 in","min":10,"max":24,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"10–16 in","min":10,"max":16,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"0–2 in","min":0,"max":2,"unit":"in"},"mature_height":{"v":"2–3 ft","min":24,"max":36,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"12–18 in","min":12,"max":18,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"2–5 gal","min":2,"max":5,"unit":"gal","rm":"min_to_recommended"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"transplant_days_after_last_frost":{"max":14,"min":0}},"harvest_cues":["rapid_leaf_growth"],"propagation":["division","cutting"],"pests":["aphids"],"diseases":["root_rot","rust"],"edible_parts":["leaf"],"pet_toxicity":["toxic_to_dogs","toxic_to_cats","toxic_to_horses"],"searched":["frost_damage_temp","frost_kill_temp"],"searched_why":{"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"Read the NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox entry for this species in full (https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/artemisia-dracunculus/) and it states no cold-damage or cold-kill temperature — like every toolbox entry it gives a USDA hardiness ZONE range instead, which we already hold as hardiness_zone_min and hardiness_zone_max. That follows eleven other extension URL families swept for this crop on the same day (Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA, Missouri Botanical) which returned no page for it or no figure on the page. Across 150-plus verified-genuine pages the whole sweep produced two usable figures, and that IS the finding: extension publishes a hardiness class or zone for ordinary garden plants and reserves per-crop temperatures for critical-temperature tables — tree fruit at bloom, berries at bloom, citrus in winter, a few chilling-sensitive tropicals. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the frost alert already runs on it. Every page here was verified to be about this plant before being read, after this sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md).","searched":"2026-08-05"},"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Read the NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox entry for this species in full (https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/artemisia-dracunculus/) and it states no cold-damage or cold-kill temperature — like every toolbox entry it gives a USDA hardiness ZONE range instead, which we already hold as hardiness_zone_min and hardiness_zone_max. That follows eleven other extension URL families swept for this crop on the same day (Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA, Missouri Botanical) which returned no page for it or no figure on the page. Across 150-plus verified-genuine pages the whole sweep produced two usable figures, and that IS the finding: extension publishes a hardiness class or zone for ordinary garden plants and reserves per-crop temperatures for critical-temperature tables — tree fruit at bloom, berries at bloom, citrus in winter, a few chilling-sensitive tropicals. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the frost alert already runs on it. Every page here was verified to be about this plant before being read, after this sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md).","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":7,"orgs":["ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center","NC State Extension","Penn State PlantVillage","University of Illinois Extension","University of Maryland Extension","Utah State University Extension"]},"varieties":[{"slug":"french-tarragon-tarragon","name":"French Tarragon","variety_type":"french","color":["green"],"heirloom":true},{"slug":"mexican-tarragon-tarragon","name":"Mexican Tarragon","variety_type":"mexican_substitute","color":["green"],"heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"80","dtm_basis":"seed"}]},{"slug":"tatsoi","name":"Tatsoi","display":"Tatsoi","botanical":"Brassica rapa (Narinosa group)","family":"Brassicaceae","kind":"food_crop","category":"leafy_green","lifecycle":"annual","variety_count":2,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"hardy","fertility":"moderate","soil_ph":{"v":"6–7.5","min":6,"max":7.5,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"6–16 in","min":6,"max":16,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"12–18 in","min":12,"max":18,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"0.25–0.5 in","min":0.25,"max":0.5,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"21–30 days","min":21,"max":30,"unit":"days","basis":"transplant","by_basis":{"seed":{"v":"25–45 days","min":25,"max":45},"transplant":{"v":"21–30 days","min":21,"max":30}}},"mature_height":{"v":"6–12 in","min":6,"max":12,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"8–18 in","min":8,"max":18,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"1 gal","min":1,"max":1,"unit":"gal"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"start_indoors_weeks_before_last_frost":{"max":4,"min":3},"transplant_days_after_last_frost":0,"direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost":{"max":14,"min":0},"days_to_germination":{"max":10,"min":5}},"harvest_cues":["rapid_leaf_growth"],"propagation":["direct_sow","transplant"],"pests":["flea_beetles","aphids","imported_cabbageworm","cabbage_looper","harlequin_bug","cutworms","slugs"],"diseases":["black_rot","wire_stem","downy_mildew","alternaria_leaf_spot"],"edible_parts":["leaf","stem"],"searched":["frost_damage_temp","frost_kill_temp"],"searched_why":{"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"Read https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/brassica-rapa-var-rosularis/ in full — the page was found by name search after eleven URL-pattern families failed to reach this crop — and it states no cold-damage or cold-kill temperature. It describes cold behavior qualitatively (\"tolerates light frost\", a USDA zone range) which is the hardiness CLASS we already hold as frost_sensitivity and which the frost alert already runs on. Across 150-plus verified-genuine extension pages this sweep produced two usable figures, and that is the finding: per-crop frost temperatures exist where somebody built a critical-temperature table — tree fruit at bloom, berries at bloom, citrus in winter, a few chilling-sensitive tropicals — and nowhere else. Page verified to be about this plant before reading (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md).","searched":"2026-08-05"},"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Read https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/brassica-rapa-var-rosularis/ in full — the page was found by name search after eleven URL-pattern families failed to reach this crop — and it states no cold-damage or cold-kill temperature. It describes cold behavior qualitatively (\"tolerates light frost\", a USDA zone range) which is the hardiness CLASS we already hold as frost_sensitivity and which the frost alert already runs on. Across 150-plus verified-genuine extension pages this sweep produced two usable figures, and that is the finding: per-crop frost temperatures exist where somebody built a critical-temperature table — tree fruit at bloom, berries at bloom, citrus in winter, a few chilling-sensitive tropicals — and nowhere else. Page verified to be about this plant before reading (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md).","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":5,"orgs":["Clemson Cooperative Extension HGIC","Johnny's Selected Seeds","Missouri Botanical Garden","Texas A&M AgriLife Extension (Henderson County Master Gardeners)","UC Master Gardener Program of Sonoma County (UC ANR)"]},"varieties":[]},{"slug":"thyme","name":"Thyme","display":"Thyme","botanical":"Thymus vulgaris","family":"Lamiaceae","kind":"herb","category":"herb","lifecycle":"perennial","variety_count":20,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"low","frost_sensitivity":"hardy","growth_habit":["mounding","spreading"],"fertility":"low","zones":{"v":"5–9","min":5,"max":9,"unit":"usda_zone"},"soil_ph":{"v":"6–8","min":6,"max":8,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["loam","sandy","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"6–12 in","min":6,"max":12,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"12–18 in","min":12,"max":18,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"0–0.125 in","min":0,"max":0.125,"unit":"in"},"mature_height":{"v":"6–12 in","min":6,"max":12,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"6–16 in","min":6,"max":16,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"2–3 gal","min":2,"max":3,"unit":"gal","rm":"min_to_recommended"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"start_indoors_weeks_before_last_frost":{"max":10,"min":8},"transplant_days_after_last_frost":{"max":14,"min":0},"direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost":{"max":14,"min":0},"days_to_germination":{"max":21,"min":14}},"harvest_cues":["flower_buds"],"propagation":["transplant","direct_sow","division","cutting"],"pests":["spider_mites"],"diseases":["root_rot"],"edible_parts":["leaf"],"pet_toxicity":["non_toxic_to_dogs","non_toxic_to_cats","non_toxic_to_horses"],"searched":["frost_damage_temp","frost_kill_temp"],"searched_why":{"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"Read the NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox entry for this species in full (https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/thymus-vulgaris/) and it states no cold-damage or cold-kill temperature — like every toolbox entry it gives a USDA hardiness ZONE range instead, which we already hold as hardiness_zone_min and hardiness_zone_max. That follows eleven other extension URL families swept for this crop on the same day (Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA, Missouri Botanical) which returned no page for it or no figure on the page. Across 150-plus verified-genuine pages the whole sweep produced two usable figures, and that IS the finding: extension publishes a hardiness class or zone for ordinary garden plants and reserves per-crop temperatures for critical-temperature tables — tree fruit at bloom, berries at bloom, citrus in winter, a few chilling-sensitive tropicals. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the frost alert already runs on it. Every page here was verified to be about this plant before being read, after this sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md).","searched":"2026-08-05"},"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Read the NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox entry for this species in full (https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/thymus-vulgaris/) and it states no cold-damage or cold-kill temperature — like every toolbox entry it gives a USDA hardiness ZONE range instead, which we already hold as hardiness_zone_min and hardiness_zone_max. That follows eleven other extension URL families swept for this crop on the same day (Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA, Missouri Botanical) which returned no page for it or no figure on the page. Across 150-plus verified-genuine pages the whole sweep produced two usable figures, and that IS the finding: extension publishes a hardiness class or zone for ordinary garden plants and reserves per-crop temperatures for critical-temperature tables — tree fruit at bloom, berries at bloom, citrus in winter, a few chilling-sensitive tropicals. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the frost alert already runs on it. Every page here was verified to be about this plant before being read, after this sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md).","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":10,"orgs":["ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center","Johnny's Selected Seeds","NC State Extension","Penn State Extension","University of Illinois Extension","University of Maryland Extension"]},"varieties":[{"slug":"creeping-thyme","name":"Creeping Thyme","variety_type":"creeping","color":["red","purple"]},{"slug":"elfin-thyme","name":"Elfin Thyme","variety_type":"creeping"},{"slug":"english-thyme","name":"English Thyme","variety_type":"culinary","heirloom":true},{"slug":"french-thyme","name":"French Thyme","variety_type":"culinary","heirloom":true},{"slug":"golden-thyme","name":"Golden Thyme","variety_type":"culinary","color":["bicolor"]},{"slug":"lemon-thyme","name":"Lemon Thyme","variety_type":"lemon"},{"slug":"pink-chintz-thyme","name":"Pink Chintz Thyme","color":["pink"]},{"slug":"woolly-thyme","name":"Woolly Thyme","color":["white"]}]},{"slug":"tomatillo","name":"Tomatillo","display":"Tomatillo","botanical":"Physalis philadelphica","family":"Solanaceae","kind":"food_crop","category":"fruiting_vegetable","lifecycle":"annual","variety_count":10,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"tender","fertility":"moderate","soil_ph":{"v":"6–7","min":6,"max":7,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["well_drained","loam","sandy"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"24–36 in","min":24,"max":36,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"36 in","min":36,"max":36,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"0.25–0.5 in","min":0.25,"max":0.5,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"60–100 days","min":60,"max":100,"unit":"days","basis":"transplant","by_basis":{"seed":{"v":"100–120 days","min":100,"max":120},"transplant":{"v":"60–100 days","min":60,"max":100}}},"mature_height":{"v":"3–4 ft","min":36,"max":48,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"3–4 ft","min":36,"max":48,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"5 gal","min":5,"max":5,"unit":"gal"},"needs_support":true,"timing":{"start_indoors_weeks_before_last_frost":{"max":8,"min":4},"transplant_days_after_last_frost":{"max":14,"min":7},"days_to_germination":{"max":14,"min":7}},"harvest_cues":["fruit_sizing"],"propagation":["transplant"],"pests":["aphids","flea_beetles","tomato_hornworm","colorado_potato_beetle","three_lined_potato_beetle","cutworms","tomato_fruitworm"],"diseases":["early_blight","late_blight","anthracnose","tobacco_mosaic_virus","powdery_mildew","root_rot"],"edible_parts":["fruit"],"human_toxicity":["toxic_flowers","toxic_unripe_fruit","toxic_leaves","toxic_stems"],"searched":["frost_damage_temp","frost_kill_temp"],"searched_why":{"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"Read Utah State University Extension's own page for this crop in full (https://extension.usu.edu/yardandgarden/research/tomatillos-in-the-garden) — the page series that supplied the broccoli, cabbage, celery, radicchio and kale figures we do hold — and it publishes NO cold-tolerance temperature for this crop. Its only Fahrenheit figures are sowing soil minimums, germination optima, heat ceilings and post-harvest storage. Also read three multi-crop references: Michigan State's fall-vegetable freeze-damage guide, Oregon State's cold-hardy vegetable list and Iowa State's cold-and-freeze-damage page. All three sort crops into hardiness CATEGORIES (hard-frost-hardy under 28 F, light-frost-hardy 28-32 F, light-frost-susceptible) and none states a per-crop temperature. We already hold that category as frost_sensitivity, so copying a band edge in here would restate the class as if it were a measurement. The extensions also disagree about which band some crops belong in, which is the clearest sign the band is a judgment rather than a figure.","searched":"2026-08-05"},"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Read Utah State University Extension's own page for this crop in full (https://extension.usu.edu/yardandgarden/research/tomatillos-in-the-garden) — the page series that supplied the broccoli, cabbage, celery, radicchio and kale figures we do hold — and it publishes NO cold-tolerance temperature for this crop. Its only Fahrenheit figures are sowing soil minimums, germination optima, heat ceilings and post-harvest storage. Also read three multi-crop references: Michigan State's fall-vegetable freeze-damage guide, Oregon State's cold-hardy vegetable list and Iowa State's cold-and-freeze-damage page. All three sort crops into hardiness CATEGORIES (hard-frost-hardy under 28 F, light-frost-hardy 28-32 F, light-frost-susceptible) and none states a per-crop temperature. We already hold that category as frost_sensitivity, so copying a band edge in here would restate the class as if it were a measurement. The extensions also disagree about which band some crops belong in, which is the clearest sign the band is a judgment rather than a figure.","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":5,"orgs":["NC Cooperative Extension, Wilkes County Center","NC State Extension","South Dakota State University Extension","University of Minnesota Extension","Utah State University Extension"]},"varieties":[{"slug":"purple-tomatillo","name":"Purple Tomatillo","variety_type":"purple","color":["purple"],"heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"70–80","dtm_basis":"transplant"}]},{"slug":"tomato","name":"Tomatoes (staked or caged)","display":"Tomato","botanical":"Solanum lycopersicum","family":"Solanaceae","kind":"food_crop","category":"fruiting_vegetable","lifecycle":"annual","variety_count":115,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"tender","frost_damage_temp":{"v":"33 °F","min":33,"max":33,"unit":"°F","stg":"chilling","rdg":"threshold"},"fertility":"heavy","soil_ph":{"v":"6–6.8","min":6,"max":6.8,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"18–36 in","min":18,"max":36,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"36–60 in","min":36,"max":60,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"0.25–0.5 in","min":0.25,"max":0.5,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"52–90 days","min":52,"max":90,"unit":"days","basis":"transplant","by_basis":{"transplant":{"v":"52–90 days","min":52,"max":90}}},"mature_height":{"v":"2–6 ft","min":24,"max":72,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"1–4 ft","min":12,"max":48,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"5–10 gal","min":5,"max":10,"unit":"gal","rm":"min_to_recommended"},"needs_support":true,"timing":{"start_indoors_weeks_before_last_frost":{"max":8,"min":6},"transplant_days_after_last_frost":{"max":14,"min":7},"fall_sow_calendar":[{"curation_status":"source_verified","from":"07-01","not_recommended":false,"place":"South Carolina — Coastal Plain","to":"07-31"},{"curation_status":"source_verified","from":null,"not_recommended":true,"place":"South Carolina — Piedmont","to":null}],"days_to_germination":{"max":12,"min":6}},"harvest_cues":["fruit_coloring"],"propagation":["transplant"],"pests":["aphids","cutworms","flea_beetles","tomato_hornworm","colorado_potato_beetle","tomato_fruitworm","spider_mites","stink_bugs","whiteflies"],"diseases":["early_blight","late_blight","septoria_leaf_spot","fusarium_wilt","verticillium_wilt","bacterial_spot","blossom_end_rot","tobacco_mosaic_virus","anthracnose","physiological_leaf_roll","tomato_yellow_leaf_curl_virus"],"edible_parts":["fruit"],"human_toxicity":["toxic_leaves","toxic_stems"],"pet_toxicity":["toxic_to_dogs","toxic_to_cats","toxic_to_horses"],"searched":["days_to_maturity_from_seed","frost_kill_temp","hardiness_zone_max","hardiness_zone_min"],"searched_why":{"days_to_maturity_from_seed":{"note":"No source we read gives one: \"sources give days from transplant only — UMN/Missouri/Clemson maturity figures are transplant-to-harvest.\" Every crop in this group is the same: for transplant-raised crops the literature measures maturity from SET-OUT, not from sowing. The figure is not missing by accident — it is a question extension does not answer for this kind of crop, and converting one to the other needs the raising time, which varies by grower. Three publishers, all measuring from transplant.","searched":"2026-08-11"},"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Utah State University Extension states this crop's frost_damage_temp (33 F, chilling) and states NO separate temperature at which the plant is lost, and no other publication read in the 2026-08-05 sweep across twelve extension URL families supplies one. That is the normal shape outside the critical-temperature tables: those tables print a 10% and a 90% column together, which is where every paired record we hold comes from, and an ordinary crop page names one threshold or the other. LEAVING THIS EMPTY IS THE CORRECT OUTCOME, not a gap to fill later by inference. The two fields are read as a pair, so a guessed kill figure would manufacture a safety margin nobody measured — and the engine would print that margin to a gardener as if it were a fact. Where the crop is lost outright below the damage point, its frost_sensitivity class already says so and the alert already fires from it.","searched":"2026-08-05"},"hardiness_zone_max":{"note":"No source we read gives one: \"NCSU Solanum lycopersicum page has NO USDA-zone row; frost-tender annual grown across all zones, no clean datum.\" The same holds across the group: NC State's zone rows for a frost-tender annual describe the range the crop is grown across, not the cold it survives. Publishing that as hardiness would tell a gardener in zone 4 that tomatoes overwinter. The cold answer for these crops is already carried by frost_sensitivity, and the app reads that.","searched":"2026-08-11"},"hardiness_zone_min":{"note":"No source we read gives one: \"NCSU Solanum lycopersicum page has NO USDA-zone row; frost-tender annual grown across all zones, no clean datum.\" The same holds across the group: NC State's zone rows for a frost-tender annual describe the range the crop is grown across, not the cold it survives. Publishing that as hardiness would tell a gardener in zone 4 that tomatoes overwinter. The cold answer for these crops is already carried by frost_sensitivity, and the app reads that.","searched":"2026-08-11"}},"sources":{"count":22,"orgs":["ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center","Alabama Cooperative Extension System","Clemson Cooperative Extension HGIC","Clemson Cooperative Extension, Home & Garden Information Center","Cornell Garden-Based Learning","Cornell University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences (School of Integrative Plant Science, Horticulture Section)","NC State Extension","North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox","Oregon State University Extension Service","Penn State Extension","University of California Agriculture & Natural Resources, UC Master Gardener Program of Contra Costa County","University of Illinois Extension","University of Maryland Extension","University of Maryland Extension, Home & Garden Information Center (Maryland Grows blog)","University of Minnesota Extension","University of Missouri Extension","University of Tennessee Extension","Utah State University Extension"]},"varieties":[{"slug":"ace-55-tomato","name":"Ace 55 Tomato","variety_type":"slicer","color":["red"],"size":"large","heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"85","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"amish-paste-tomato","name":"Amish Paste Tomato","variety_type":"plum_paste","color":["red"],"heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"85","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"beefmaster-tomato","name":"Beefmaster Tomato","variety_type":"beefsteak","color":["red"],"size":"very_large","hybrid":true,"days_to_maturity":"80","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"beefsteak-tomato","name":"Beefsteak Tomato","variety_type":"beefsteak","color":["red"],"size":"large","heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"85","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"better-boy-tomato","name":"Better Boy Tomato","variety_type":"slicer","color":["red"],"hybrid":true,"days_to_maturity":"75","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"better-bush-tomato","name":"Better Bush Tomato","variety_type":"slicer","color":["red"],"hybrid":true,"days_to_maturity":"68","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"big-beef-tomato","name":"Big Beef Tomato","variety_type":"beefsteak","color":["red"],"hybrid":true,"days_to_maturity":"70","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"big-boy-tomato","name":"Big Boy Tomato","variety_type":"beefsteak","color":["red"],"hybrid":true,"days_to_maturity":"78","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"big-rainbow-tomato","name":"Big Rainbow Tomato","variety_type":"beefsteak","color":["bicolor","yellow","red"],"size":"very_large","heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"75","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"black-cherry-tomato","name":"Black Cherry Tomato","variety_type":"cherry","color":["purple"],"size":"small","days_to_maturity":"64","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"black-from-tula-tomato","name":"Black from Tula Tomato","variety_type":"beefsteak","color":["black","red"],"size":"large","heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"80–85","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"black-krim-tomato","name":"Black Krim Tomato","variety_type":"beefsteak","color":["purple","black"],"size":"large","heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"80","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"brandywine-tomato","name":"Brandywine Tomato","variety_type":"beefsteak","color":["pink"],"size":"very_large","heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"78","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"bush-early-girl-tomato","name":"Bush Early Girl Tomato","variety_type":"globe","color":["red"],"size":"medium","hybrid":true,"days_to_maturity":"63","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"bush-goliath-tomato","name":"Bush Goliath Tomato","variety_type":"slicer","color":["red"],"size":"large","hybrid":true,"days_to_maturity":"68","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"carbon-tomato","name":"Carbon Tomato","variety_type":"slicer","color":["black","red"],"heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"80","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"celebrity-tomato","name":"Celebrity Tomato","variety_type":"slicer","color":["red"],"hybrid":true,"days_to_maturity":"70","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"champion-tomato","name":"Champion Tomato","variety_type":"slicer","color":["red"],"hybrid":true,"days_to_maturity":"70","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"cherokee-purple-tomato","name":"Cherokee Purple Tomato","variety_type":"beefsteak","color":["purple"],"heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"80","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"chocolate-cherry-tomato","name":"Chocolate Cherry Tomato","variety_type":"cherry","color":["purple"],"size":"small","days_to_maturity":"70","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"chocolate-stripes-tomato","name":"Chocolate Stripes Tomato","variety_type":"beefsteak","color":["purple","red","striped"],"size":"large","heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"79","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"costoluto-genovese-tomato","name":"Costoluto Genovese Tomato","variety_type":"beefsteak","color":["red"],"size":"medium","heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"90","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"early-girl-tomato","name":"Early Girl Tomato","variety_type":"slicer","color":["red"],"hybrid":true,"days_to_maturity":"60","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"fourth-of-july-tomato","name":"Fourth of July Tomato","variety_type":"slicer","color":["red"],"hybrid":true,"days_to_maturity":"49","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"german-johnson-tomato","name":"German Johnson Tomato","variety_type":"beefsteak","color":["pink"],"size":"large","heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"80","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"glacier-tomato","name":"Glacier Tomato","variety_type":"globe","color":["red"],"size":"small","heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"55","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"goliath-tomato","name":"Goliath Tomato","variety_type":"slicer","color":["red"],"hybrid":true,"days_to_maturity":"65","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"great-white-tomato","name":"Great White Tomato","variety_type":"beefsteak","color":["white"],"size":"large","heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"80","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"green-zebra-tomato","name":"Green Zebra Tomato","variety_type":"slicer","color":["green","striped"],"size":"small","days_to_maturity":"72","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"hillbilly-tomato","name":"Hillbilly Tomato","variety_type":"beefsteak","color":["bicolor","yellow","orange","red"],"size":"large","heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"85","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"homestead-tomato","name":"Homestead Tomato","variety_type":"globe","color":["red"],"size":"medium","heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"80","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"hungarian-heart-tomato","name":"Hungarian Heart Tomato","variety_type":"oxheart","color":["pink"],"heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"85","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"husky-cherry-red-tomato","name":"Husky Cherry Red Tomato","variety_type":"cherry","color":["red"],"size":"small","hybrid":true,"days_to_maturity":"65","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"indigo-rose-tomato","name":"Indigo Rose Tomato","variety_type":"globe","color":["purple","black","red"],"size":"small","days_to_maturity":"80","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"jet-star-tomato","name":"Jet Star Tomato","variety_type":"globe","color":["red"],"hybrid":true,"days_to_maturity":"72","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"juliet-tomato","name":"Juliet Tomato","variety_type":"grape","color":["red"],"hybrid":true,"days_to_maturity":"60","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"kelloggs-breakfast-tomato","name":"Kellogg's Breakfast Tomato","variety_type":"beefsteak","color":["orange"],"size":"very_large","heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"85","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"lemon-boy-tomato","name":"Lemon Boy Tomato","variety_type":"slicer","color":["yellow"],"hybrid":true,"days_to_maturity":"72","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"midnight-snack-tomato","name":"Midnight Snack Tomato","variety_type":"cherry","color":["red","purple"],"hybrid":true,"days_to_maturity":"70","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"mortgage-lifter-tomato","name":"Mortgage Lifter Tomato","variety_type":"beefsteak","color":["pink"],"size":"very_large","heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"95","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"mountain-merit-tomato","name":"Mountain Merit Tomato","variety_type":"slicer","color":["red"],"hybrid":true,"days_to_maturity":"75","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"new-girl-tomato","name":"New Girl Tomato","variety_type":"slicer","color":["red"],"hybrid":true,"days_to_maturity":"62","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"old-german-tomato","name":"Old German Tomato","variety_type":"beefsteak","color":["bicolor"],"heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"77","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"opalka-tomato","name":"Opalka Tomato","variety_type":"plum_paste","color":["red"],"size":"large","heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"82","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"oregon-spring-tomato","name":"Oregon Spring Tomato","variety_type":"globe","color":["red"],"size":"medium","days_to_maturity":"60","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"paul-robeson-tomato","name":"Paul Robeson Tomato","variety_type":"beefsteak","color":["purple","black","red"],"size":"medium","heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"75","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"pineapple-tomato","name":"Pineapple Tomato","variety_type":"beefsteak","color":["bicolor","yellow","red"],"size":"very_large","heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"90","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"roma-tomato","name":"Roma VF Tomato","variety_type":"plum_paste","color":["red"],"size":"small","days_to_maturity":"65","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"rutgers-tomato","name":"Rutgers Tomato","variety_type":"globe","color":["red"],"size":"medium","heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"75","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"san-marzano-tomato","name":"San Marzano Tomato","variety_type":"plum_paste","color":["red"],"size":"small","heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"78","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"speckled-roman-tomato","name":"Speckled Roman Tomato","variety_type":"plum_paste","color":["red","yellow","striped"],"heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"85","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"striped-german-tomato","name":"Striped German Tomato","variety_type":"beefsteak","color":["bicolor","red","yellow"],"size":"large","heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"78","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"stupice-tomato","name":"Stupice Tomato","variety_type":"globe","color":["red"],"size":"small","heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"52","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"sun-sugar-tomato","name":"Sun Sugar Tomato","variety_type":"cherry","color":["yellow"],"size":"small","hybrid":true,"days_to_maturity":"62","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"sungold-tomato","name":"Sungold Tomato","variety_type":"cherry","color":["orange"],"size":"small","hybrid":true,"days_to_maturity":"57","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"sweet-100-tomato","name":"Sweet 100 Tomato","variety_type":"cherry","color":["red"],"size":"small","hybrid":true,"days_to_maturity":"65","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"sweet-million-tomato","name":"Sweet Million Tomato","variety_type":"cherry","color":["red"],"size":"small","hybrid":true,"days_to_maturity":"60","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"tigerella-tomato","name":"Tigerella Tomato","variety_type":"globe","color":["red","orange","striped"],"size":"small","heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"55–65","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"tiny-tim-tomato","name":"Tiny Tim Tomato","variety_type":"cherry","color":["red"],"size":"small","heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"45","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"yellow-brandywine-tomato","name":"Yellow Brandywine Tomato","variety_type":"beefsteak","color":["orange"],"size":"very_large","heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"78","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"yellow-pear-tomato","name":"Yellow Pear Tomato","variety_type":"cherry","color":["yellow"],"size":"small","heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"78","dtm_basis":"transplant"}]},{"slug":"turnips","name":"Turnips","display":"Turnip","botanical":"Brassica rapa Rapifera Group","family":"Brassicaceae","kind":"food_crop","category":"root_vegetable","lifecycle":"biennial","variety_count":16,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"hardy","fertility":"low","zones":{"v":"2–11","min":2,"max":11,"unit":"usda_zone"},"soil_ph":{"v":"6–7.5","min":6,"max":7.5,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["sandy","loam","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"2–4 in","min":2,"max":4,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"12–18 in","min":12,"max":18,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"0.25–0.5 in","min":0.25,"max":0.5,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"60–80 days","min":60,"max":80,"unit":"days","basis":"seed","by_basis":{"seed":{"v":"60–80 days","min":60,"max":80}}},"mature_height":{"v":"12–18 in","min":12,"max":18,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"6–12 in","min":6,"max":12,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"1–3 gal","min":1,"max":3,"unit":"gal","rm":"min_to_recommended"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost":{"max":-14,"min":-21},"fall_sow_calendar":[{"curation_status":"source_verified","from":"08-01","not_recommended":false,"place":"South Carolina — Piedmont","to":"09-15"},{"curation_status":"source_verified","from":"08-01","not_recommended":false,"place":"South Carolina — Coastal Plain","to":"09-30"}],"days_to_germination":{"max":10,"min":7}},"harvest_cues":["root_shoulder_visible"],"propagation":["direct_sow"],"pests":["flea_beetles","aphids","imported_cabbageworm","cabbage_looper","cutworms","armyworms","whiteflies","slugs"],"diseases":["clubroot","white_rust","alternaria_leaf_spot","black_rot","damping_off","bacterial_soft_rot"],"edible_parts":["root","leaf"],"searched":["frost_damage_temp","frost_kill_temp"],"searched_why":{"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"Swept ten extension URL families for this crop on 2026-08-05 — Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA and Missouri Botanical Garden — and read in full every page that genuinely covers it. None states a temperature at which the plant takes cold damage or dies. Every page was verified to be about this crop before being read, after the same sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" page with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md). Across 100-plus pages the sweep produced two usable figures, which is the finding: extension publishes a hardiness CLASS for ordinary garden crops, not a per-crop temperature. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the alert engine already uses it.","searched":"2026-08-05"},"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Swept ten extension URL families for this crop on 2026-08-05 — Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA and Missouri Botanical Garden — and read in full every page that genuinely covers it. None states a temperature at which the plant takes cold damage or dies. Every page was verified to be about this crop before being read, after the same sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" page with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md). Across 100-plus pages the sweep produced two usable figures, which is the finding: extension publishes a hardiness CLASS for ordinary garden crops, not a per-crop temperature. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the alert engine already uses it.","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":7,"orgs":["Clemson Cooperative Extension, Home & Garden Information Center","Missouri Botanical Garden","NC State Extension","University of Minnesota Extension","University of Missouri Extension","Utah State University Extension"]},"varieties":[{"slug":"hakurei-turnips","name":"Hakurei Turnip","variety_type":"japanese_salad","color":["white"],"hybrid":true,"days_to_maturity":"38","dtm_basis":"seed"}]},{"slug":"watermelon","name":"Watermelon","display":"Watermelon","botanical":"Citrullus lanatus","family":"Cucurbitaceae","kind":"food_crop","category":"fruiting_vegetable","lifecycle":"annual","variety_count":47,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"tender","frost_damage_temp":{"v":"33 °F","min":33,"max":33,"unit":"°F","stg":"chilling","rdg":"threshold"},"fertility":"moderate","soil_ph":{"v":"6–7","min":6,"max":7,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["sandy","loam","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"36–60 in","min":36,"max":60,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"72–96 in","min":72,"max":96,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"1–2 in","min":1,"max":2,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"85–90 days","min":85,"max":90,"unit":"days","basis":"transplant","by_basis":{"seed":{"v":"70–90 days","min":70,"max":90},"transplant":{"v":"85–90 days","min":85,"max":90}}},"mature_height":{"v":"4–8 in","min":4,"max":8,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"5–10 ft","min":60,"max":120,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"5–7 gal","min":5,"max":7,"unit":"gal","rm":"min_to_recommended"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"start_indoors_weeks_before_last_frost":{"max":4,"min":3},"transplant_days_after_last_frost":{"max":21,"min":7},"direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost":{"max":21,"min":7},"days_to_germination":{"max":10,"min":3}},"harvest_cues":["skin_set","fruit_coloring"],"propagation":["direct_sow","transplant"],"pests":["cucumber_beetles","squash_bugs","aphids","mites","squash_vine_borer","stink_bugs","cutworms","pickleworm"],"diseases":["powdery_mildew","downy_mildew","fusarium_wilt","bacterial_wilt","anthracnose","blossom_end_rot","cucurbit_virus"],"edible_parts":["fruit"],"searched":["frost_kill_temp","hardiness_zone_max","hardiness_zone_min"],"searched_why":{"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Utah State University Extension states this crop's frost_damage_temp (33 F, chilling) and states NO separate temperature at which the plant is lost, and no other publication read in the 2026-08-05 sweep across twelve extension URL families supplies one. That is the normal shape outside the critical-temperature tables: those tables print a 10% and a 90% column together, which is where every paired record we hold comes from, and an ordinary crop page names one threshold or the other. LEAVING THIS EMPTY IS THE CORRECT OUTCOME, not a gap to fill later by inference. The two fields are read as a pair, so a guessed kill figure would manufacture a safety margin nobody measured — and the engine would print that margin to a gardener as if it were a fact. Where the crop is lost outright below the damage point, its frost_sensitivity class already says so and the alert already fires from it.","searched":"2026-08-05"},"hardiness_zone_max":{"note":"No source we read gives one: \"NCSU toolbox did not surface a USDA-zone field for this annual.\" The same holds across the group: NC State's zone rows for a frost-tender annual describe the range the crop is grown across, not the cold it survives. Publishing that as hardiness would tell a gardener in zone 4 that tomatoes overwinter. The cold answer for these crops is already carried by frost_sensitivity, and the app reads that.","searched":"2026-08-11"},"hardiness_zone_min":{"note":"No source we read gives one: \"NCSU toolbox did not surface a USDA-zone field for this annual.\" The same holds across the group: NC State's zone rows for a frost-tender annual describe the range the crop is grown across, not the cold it survives. Publishing that as hardiness would tell a gardener in zone 4 that tomatoes overwinter. The cold answer for these crops is already carried by frost_sensitivity, and the app reads that.","searched":"2026-08-11"}},"sources":{"count":9,"orgs":["Alabama Cooperative Extension System","Clemson Cooperative Extension HGIC","Iowa State University Extension","NC State Extension","University of Georgia Extension","University of Minnesota Extension","Utah State University Extension"]},"varieties":[{"slug":"black-diamond-watermelon","name":"Black Diamond Watermelon","variety_type":"picnic","color":["red"],"heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"90","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"blacktail-mountain-watermelon","name":"Blacktail Mountain Watermelon","variety_type":"icebox","color":["red"],"heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"70–75","dtm_basis":"seed"},{"slug":"bush-sugar-baby-watermelon","name":"Bush Sugar Baby Watermelon","variety_type":"icebox","color":["red"],"days_to_maturity":"75","dtm_basis":"seed"},{"slug":"charleston-gray-watermelon","name":"Charleston Gray Watermelon","variety_type":"picnic","color":["red"],"heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"85–100","dtm_basis":"seed"},{"slug":"congo-watermelon","name":"Congo Watermelon","variety_type":"picnic","color":["red"],"heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"85","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"crimson-sweet-watermelon","name":"Crimson Sweet Watermelon","variety_type":"picnic","color":["red"],"heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"85","dtm_basis":"seed"},{"slug":"georgia-rattlesnake-watermelon","name":"Georgia Rattlesnake Watermelon","variety_type":"picnic","color":["red"],"heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"90","dtm_basis":"seed"},{"slug":"golden-midget-watermelon","name":"Golden Midget Watermelon","variety_type":"icebox","color":["pink"],"heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"70","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"jubilee-watermelon","name":"Jubilee Watermelon","variety_type":"picnic","color":["red"],"days_to_maturity":"85","dtm_basis":"seed"},{"slug":"moon-and-stars-watermelon","name":"Moon and Stars Watermelon","variety_type":"picnic","color":["red"],"heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"100","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"sugar-baby-watermelon","name":"Sugar Baby Watermelon","variety_type":"icebox","color":["red"],"heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"80","dtm_basis":"seed"},{"slug":"yellow-doll-watermelon","name":"Yellow Doll Watermelon","variety_type":"icebox","color":["yellow"],"hybrid":true,"days_to_maturity":"68","dtm_basis":"transplant"}]},{"slug":"wax-gourd","name":"Wax gourd (winter melon / ash gourd)","display":"Wax gourd","botanical":"Benincasa hispida","family":"Cucurbitaceae","kind":"food_crop","category":"fruiting_vegetable","lifecycle":"annual","variety_count":8,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"tender","fertility":"moderate","soil_ph":{"v":"6–6.8","min":6,"max":6.8,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["loam","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"36–72 in","min":36,"max":72,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"72–108 in","min":72,"max":108,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"1.5–2 in","min":1.5,"max":2,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"75–130 days","min":75,"max":130,"unit":"days","basis":"transplant","by_basis":{"seed":{"v":"90–150 days","min":90,"max":150},"transplant":{"v":"75–130 days","min":75,"max":130}}},"mature_height":{"v":"9–18 in","min":9,"max":18,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"10–15 ft","min":120,"max":180,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"10–15 gal","min":10,"max":15,"unit":"gal","rm":"min_to_recommended"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"start_indoors_weeks_before_last_frost":{"max":4,"min":3},"transplant_days_after_last_frost":{"max":14,"min":7},"direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost":{"max":14,"min":0},"days_to_germination":{"max":10,"min":5}},"harvest_cues":["skin_set","fruit_sizing"],"propagation":["direct_sow","transplant"],"pests":["spider_mites","aphids","nematodes"],"diseases":["fusarium_wilt","bacterial_wilt","downy_mildew","powdery_mildew","cucurbit_virus"],"edible_parts":["fruit"],"searched":["frost_damage_temp","frost_kill_temp"],"searched_why":{"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"NO EXTENSION PUBLICATION COVERING THIS CROP WAS FOUND, which is a different finding from a page that omits the figure and is recorded as such. Tried on 2026-08-05: twelve extension URL families (Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA, Missouri Botanical, Cornell's vegetable guides, UF/IFAS EDIS), the NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox addressed by this crop's own botanical name, and a targeted name search of the extension domains. Every candidate returned a not-found page — verified as not-found by title rather than by status code, after this sweep caught a university CMS serving its 404 with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md). Wax gourd (Benincasa hispida) is grown mainly as an Asian market crop and US extension coverage is limited to production bulletins that do not state cold thresholds. The crop's frost_sensitivity class is recorded and the frost alert runs on it; what is missing is only the per-crop temperature, which for this crop US extension does not appear to publish at all.","searched":"2026-08-05"},"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"NO EXTENSION PUBLICATION COVERING THIS CROP WAS FOUND, which is a different finding from a page that omits the figure and is recorded as such. Tried on 2026-08-05: twelve extension URL families (Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA, Missouri Botanical, Cornell's vegetable guides, UF/IFAS EDIS), the NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox addressed by this crop's own botanical name, and a targeted name search of the extension domains. Every candidate returned a not-found page — verified as not-found by title rather than by status code, after this sweep caught a university CMS serving its 404 with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md). Wax gourd (Benincasa hispida) is grown mainly as an Asian market crop and US extension coverage is limited to production bulletins that do not state cold thresholds. The crop's frost_sensitivity class is recorded and the frost alert runs on it; what is missing is only the per-crop temperature, which for this crop US extension does not appear to publish at all.","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":5,"orgs":["Michigan State University Extension","Missouri Botanical Garden","University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources (UC Small Farms)","University of Florida IFAS Extension"]},"varieties":[]},{"slug":"winter-savory","name":"Winter Savory","display":"Winter Savory","botanical":"Satureja montana","family":"Lamiaceae","kind":"herb","category":"herb","lifecycle":"perennial","variety_count":2,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"low","frost_sensitivity":"hardy","growth_habit":["spreading","mounding"],"fertility":"low","zones":{"v":"5–10","min":5,"max":10,"unit":"usda_zone"},"soil_ph":{"v":"6–8","min":6,"max":8,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["sandy","rocky","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"6–10 in","min":6,"max":10,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"12–18 in","min":12,"max":18,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"0–0.125 in","min":0,"max":0.125,"unit":"in"},"mature_height":{"v":"6–18 in","min":6,"max":18,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"12–18 in","min":12,"max":18,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"1–2 gal","min":1,"max":2,"unit":"gal","rm":"min_to_recommended"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"start_indoors_weeks_before_last_frost":{"max":8,"min":6},"transplant_days_after_last_frost":{"max":14,"min":0},"direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost":{"max":14,"min":0},"days_to_germination":{"max":21,"min":14}},"harvest_cues":["flower_buds"],"propagation":["division","cutting","transplant","direct_sow"],"pests":["aphids"],"diseases":["root_rot"],"edible_parts":["leaf","flower"],"searched":["frost_damage_temp","frost_kill_temp"],"searched_why":{"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"Read the NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox entry for this species in full (https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/satureja-montana/) and it states no cold-damage or cold-kill temperature — like every toolbox entry it gives a USDA hardiness ZONE range instead, which we already hold as hardiness_zone_min and hardiness_zone_max. That follows eleven other extension URL families swept for this crop on the same day (Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA, Missouri Botanical) which returned no page for it or no figure on the page. Across 150-plus verified-genuine pages the whole sweep produced two usable figures, and that IS the finding: extension publishes a hardiness class or zone for ordinary garden plants and reserves per-crop temperatures for critical-temperature tables — tree fruit at bloom, berries at bloom, citrus in winter, a few chilling-sensitive tropicals. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the frost alert already runs on it. Every page here was verified to be about this plant before being read, after this sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md).","searched":"2026-08-05"},"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Read the NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox entry for this species in full (https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/satureja-montana/) and it states no cold-damage or cold-kill temperature — like every toolbox entry it gives a USDA hardiness ZONE range instead, which we already hold as hardiness_zone_min and hardiness_zone_max. That follows eleven other extension URL families swept for this crop on the same day (Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA, Missouri Botanical) which returned no page for it or no figure on the page. Across 150-plus verified-genuine pages the whole sweep produced two usable figures, and that IS the finding: extension publishes a hardiness class or zone for ordinary garden plants and reserves per-crop temperatures for critical-temperature tables — tree fruit at bloom, berries at bloom, citrus in winter, a few chilling-sensitive tropicals. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the frost alert already runs on it. Every page here was verified to be about this plant before being read, after this sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md).","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":5,"orgs":["Johnny's Selected Seeds","Missouri Botanical Garden","NC State Extension","University of Georgia Extension","University of Illinois Extension"]},"varieties":[]},{"slug":"yarrow","name":"Common Yarrow","display":"Common Yarrow","botanical":"Achillea millefolium","family":"Asteraceae","kind":"herb","category":"herb","lifecycle":"perennial","variety_count":12,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"low","frost_sensitivity":"very_hardy","growth_habit":["upright","spreading"],"fertility":"low","zones":{"v":"3–9","min":3,"max":9,"unit":"usda_zone"},"soil_ph":{"v":"6–8","min":6,"max":8,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["sandy","loam","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"12–24 in","min":12,"max":24,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"18–24 in","min":18,"max":24,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"0–0.125 in","min":0,"max":0.125,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"60–90 days","min":60,"max":90,"unit":"days","basis":"transplant","by_basis":{"seed":{"v":"90–120 days","min":90,"max":120},"transplant":{"v":"60–90 days","min":60,"max":90}}},"mature_height":{"v":"1–3 ft","min":12,"max":36,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"1–3 ft","min":12,"max":36,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"1–3 gal","min":1,"max":3,"unit":"gal","rm":"min_to_recommended"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"start_indoors_weeks_before_last_frost":{"max":10,"min":8},"transplant_days_after_last_frost":{"max":14,"min":0},"direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost":{"max":14,"min":0},"days_to_germination":{"max":21,"min":10}},"harvest_cues":["first_flowers"],"propagation":["seed","division"],"pests":["aphids"],"diseases":["powdery_mildew","root_rot","stem_rot","rust"],"edible_parts":["leaf","flower"],"pet_toxicity":["toxic_to_dogs","toxic_to_cats","toxic_to_horses"],"searched":["frost_damage_temp","frost_kill_temp"],"searched_why":{"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"Read the NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox entry for this species in full (https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/achillea-millefolium/) and it states no cold-damage or cold-kill temperature — like every toolbox entry it gives a USDA hardiness ZONE range instead, which we already hold as hardiness_zone_min and hardiness_zone_max. That follows eleven other extension URL families swept for this crop on the same day (Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA, Missouri Botanical) which returned no page for it or no figure on the page. Across 150-plus verified-genuine pages the whole sweep produced two usable figures, and that IS the finding: extension publishes a hardiness class or zone for ordinary garden plants and reserves per-crop temperatures for critical-temperature tables — tree fruit at bloom, berries at bloom, citrus in winter, a few chilling-sensitive tropicals. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the frost alert already runs on it. Every page here was verified to be about this plant before being read, after this sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md).","searched":"2026-08-05"},"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Read the NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox entry for this species in full (https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/achillea-millefolium/) and it states no cold-damage or cold-kill temperature — like every toolbox entry it gives a USDA hardiness ZONE range instead, which we already hold as hardiness_zone_min and hardiness_zone_max. That follows eleven other extension URL families swept for this crop on the same day (Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA, Missouri Botanical) which returned no page for it or no figure on the page. Across 150-plus verified-genuine pages the whole sweep produced two usable figures, and that IS the finding: extension publishes a hardiness class or zone for ordinary garden plants and reserves per-crop temperatures for critical-temperature tables — tree fruit at bloom, berries at bloom, citrus in winter, a few chilling-sensitive tropicals. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the frost alert already runs on it. Every page here was verified to be about this plant before being read, after this sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md).","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":8,"orgs":["ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center","Clemson Cooperative Extension HGIC","Iowa State University Extension and Outreach","Missouri Botanical Garden","Montana State University, Western Agricultural Research Center","NC State Extension","University of Illinois Extension","West Coast Seeds"]},"varieties":[{"slug":"moonshine-yarrow","name":"Moonshine Yarrow","variety_type":"hybrid","color":["yellow"],"days_to_maturity":"60–90","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"paprika-yarrow","name":"Paprika Yarrow","variety_type":"millefolium","color":["red"],"days_to_maturity":"60–90","dtm_basis":"transplant"}]},{"slug":"zinnia","name":"Zinnia (common zinnia)","display":"Zinnia","botanical":"Zinnia elegans","family":"Asteraceae","kind":"ornamental","category":"flower","lifecycle":"annual","variety_count":40,"sun":"full_sun","water_needs":"moderate","frost_sensitivity":"tender","growth_habit":["bush"],"fertility":"moderate","soil_ph":{"v":"5.5–7.5","min":5.5,"max":7.5,"unit":"pH"},"soil_texture":["loam","well_drained"],"spacing_in_row":{"v":"9–12 in","min":9,"max":12,"unit":"in"},"spacing_between_rows":{"v":"12–24 in","min":12,"max":24,"unit":"in"},"planting_depth":{"v":"0.25 in","min":0.25,"max":0.25,"unit":"in"},"days_to_maturity":{"v":"45–60 days","min":45,"max":60,"unit":"days","basis":"transplant","by_basis":{"seed":{"v":"60–70 days","min":60,"max":70},"transplant":{"v":"45–60 days","min":45,"max":60}}},"mature_height":{"v":"0.5–4 ft","min":6,"max":48,"unit":"in"},"mature_spread":{"v":"8–12 in","min":8,"max":12,"unit":"in"},"container":{"v":"1–3 gal","min":1,"max":3,"unit":"gal","rm":"min_to_recommended"},"needs_support":false,"timing":{"start_indoors_weeks_before_last_frost":{"max":6,"min":4},"transplant_days_after_last_frost":{"max":14,"min":0},"direct_sow_days_relative_last_frost":{"max":14,"min":0},"days_to_germination":{"max":8,"min":3}},"harvest_cues":["first_flowers"],"propagation":["direct_sow","transplant","cutting"],"pests":["aphids","spider_mites","thrips","japanese_beetle"],"diseases":["powdery_mildew","leaf_spot","root_rot","tomato_spotted_wilt_virus"],"pet_toxicity":["non_toxic_to_cats","non_toxic_to_dogs","non_toxic_to_horses"],"searched":["edible_parts","frost_damage_temp","frost_kill_temp"],"searched_why":{"edible_parts":{"note":"No source we read gives one: \"ornamental — no edible_parts, no human_toxicity, no medicinal claims.\" Recorded as an identity decision rather than a failed search, and the batch note is explicit that only Z. elegans statements were used. And the page is NOT silent on the thing that matters here: pet_toxicity is source_verified non-toxic to cats, dogs and horses.","searched":"2026-08-11"},"frost_damage_temp":{"note":"Swept ten extension URL families for this crop on 2026-08-05 — Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA and Missouri Botanical Garden — and read in full every page that genuinely covers it. None states a temperature at which the plant takes cold damage or dies. Every page was verified to be about this crop before being read, after the same sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" page with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md). Across 100-plus pages the sweep produced two usable figures, which is the finding: extension publishes a hardiness CLASS for ordinary garden crops, not a per-crop temperature. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the alert engine already uses it.","searched":"2026-08-05"},"frost_kill_temp":{"note":"Swept ten extension URL families for this crop on 2026-08-05 — Utah State's crop series, Minnesota's vegetable, herb and flower guides, Clemson HGIC, UGA and Missouri Botanical Garden — and read in full every page that genuinely covers it. None states a temperature at which the plant takes cold damage or dies. Every page was verified to be about this crop before being read, after the same sweep caught a university CMS serving its \"Page Not Found\" page with an HTTP 200 (docs/lessons/a-200-is-not-a-page.md). Across 100-plus pages the sweep produced two usable figures, which is the finding: extension publishes a hardiness CLASS for ordinary garden crops, not a per-crop temperature. We hold that class as frost_sensitivity and the alert engine already uses it.","searched":"2026-08-05"}},"sources":{"count":5,"orgs":["Missouri Botanical Garden","NC State Extension","University of Minnesota Extension","University of Wisconsin-Madison Division of Extension","Utah State University Extension"]},"varieties":[{"slug":"california-giant-zinnia","name":"California Giant Zinnia","variety_type":"california_giant","color":["bicolor"],"heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"45–60","dtm_basis":"transplant"},{"slug":"persian-carpet-zinnia","name":"Persian Carpet Zinnia","variety_type":"persian_carpet","color":["bicolor"],"heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"75–85","dtm_basis":"seed"},{"slug":"thumbelina-zinnia","name":"Thumbelina Zinnia","variety_type":"dwarf","color":["bicolor"],"heirloom":true,"days_to_maturity":"45–60","dtm_basis":"transplant"}]}]}